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Brain and Cognition 2 > Emotions > Flashcards

Emotions Flashcards

1
Q

Emotions are..

A

dispositions towards behaviours aimed at ecologically significant events

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2
Q

3 aspects of emotions

A

behaviour, physiology, feeling

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3
Q

functions of emotions

A
  • fight or flight response helpen
  • social behaviour: je kan zien wat anderen denken/voelen
  • assessment of the consequences of decisions
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4
Q

two types of emotions theory

A
  1. basic emotions: each emotion is seen as one, independent emotion. same across cultures, evolutionary old, shared with other species, with specific physiological processes and facial expressions.
  2. complex emotions: learned, shaped by environment, evolutionary new, mainly in humans, combinations of the basic emotions. (bv pride).
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5
Q

experiment Paralympics facial expressions

A

emotions are innate.

Joyful or sad smiles expressed after a competition are the same for blind and sighted athletes, says a new study, showing that certain facial expressions are innate and managed differently depending on the social situation.

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6
Q

Two dimensions of emotions theory

A

arousal (physiological/subjective intensity of the emotion) and valence (how pleasant or unpleasant the emotion is)

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7
Q

how do emotionally relevant stimuli get processed

A
  1. thalamus
  2. amygdala -> assesses the emotional value of the stimulus
  3. hypothalamus
  4. activation of sympathetic part of the autonomous nervous system
  5. adrenal glands: norepinephrine/adrenaline (activates the viscera)
  6. hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal acitvation
  7. cortical processing (experiencing a feeling)
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8
Q

waar reageert de amygdala op

A
  1. emotional stimuli
  2. neutral stimuli that predict motivational stimuli after conditioning
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9
Q

Klüver-Bucy syndrome

A

damage to both amygdalae -> decreases in fear, aggression. all congenital and acquired fear responses are lost

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10
Q

how do you measure activation of the sympathetic nervous system

A

skin conduction response increases (hands and feet sweat glands), startle response (stoppen met behaviour, eyeblink reflex)

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11
Q

goal of the HPA axis activation

A
  • keep the sympathetic nervous system going
  • cortisol production => stress response
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12
Q

HPA axis

A

hypothalamus
releasing factor
anterior pituitary
ACTH
adrenal cortex
cortisol

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13
Q

what happens if the stressful stimulus is gone

A
  • deactivated HPA axis
  • cortisol levels go down
  • parasympathetic part of autonomous nervous system is restored
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14
Q

what happens during chronic stress

A

the HPA axis is constantly activated

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15
Q

right-hemisphere hypothesis

A

right hemisphere neemt meeste processing van emotions op zich.

  • damage R helft -> difficulty in perceiving emotions and producing facial expressions
  • R helft beter in recognition of vocal and facial affect
  • L helft gezicht meer expressief
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16
Q

valence hypothesis

A
  • R helft negatieve emotions (voor survival en reaction) => R prefrontal cortex more activity in shy persons
  • L helft positieve emotions (voor sociaal en liefde) => depressed individuals minder left prefrontal activity
  • children with L dominance: meer met toys spelen en andere kids
  • children with R dominance: cry more when separated from parents
  • R dominant monkeys produced more cortisol
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17
Q

twee theorieen over emotional processing

A

right-hemisphere hypothesis, valence hypothesis

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18
Q

the reaction to an emotional stimuli is regulated by the amygdala, but the feeling is not

A

oke

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19
Q

action-readiness is mediated by…

A

sympathetic nervous system & HPA axis

20
Q

the feeling aspect of emotions is processed by…

A

the prefrontal cortex

21
Q

early neurobiological models steps of emotions

A

evaluation of sensory input
conscious experience of a feeling
behavioural and physiological expression

22
Q

James Lange emotion theory

A

bodily reaction => conscious experience of a feeling

physicial reaction is needed for feeling an emotion

23
Q

kritiek James Lange

A
  • if emotions are due to bodily reactions, each emotion should be caused by a different bodily reaction
  • injectie met adrenal hormones zorgt niet echt voor boosheid, maar alleen voor de bodily response zonder het gevoel
  • soms misinterpreteren mensen het gevoel dat ze hebben (vrouw op brug)
24
Q

Cannon-Bard diencephalon theory

A

animals without a diencephalon (hypothalamus and thalamus) show no emotional behaviour
(stimulation of hypothalamus in cats: juist heel veel emotions, sham rage)

25
Q

component process theories

A

emotions are fluid!
appraisal is important -> what does the feeling mean to me?
the meaning is processed consciously and unconsciously.
but hard to study scientifically

26
Q

fear classical conditioning

A

rats hear tone (CS) and get startle response (CR).
produce the CR to the CS (cued fear) and the cage (contextual fear)

al activity in de amygdala 15 ms na presentation of CS
LTP tussen thalamus en amygdala

27
Q

2 routes for conditioned fear learning

A

fast: thalamus - amygdala
slow: neocortex - amygdala

28
Q

amygdalae have a lot of connections

A

oke

29
Q

damage to amygdala in humans

A

reduced SCR and starte reflex, even when they know about the CS-US relationship

30
Q

wat gebeurt er in PTSS

A

fear extinction werkt niet goed, even when stimulus is no longer threathening there is a fear response

31
Q

door welke brain area komt fear extinction

A

ventral medial prefrontal cortex vmPFC

32
Q

wat doet de vmPFC

A
  • suppressed de amygdala -> daardoor fear extinction
  • evaluates emotions in decision making: maakt een soort mentale simulatie van wat er in elk geval zou kunnen gebeuren, en dan een beslissing maken op basis daarvan. zorg ook voor de fysieke reactie er bij.
33
Q

rats with damage to vmPFC

A

fear extinction takes a lot longer, even though they can still learn

34
Q

hoe maakt vmpfc de fysieke reactie

A

door de amygdala weer te activeren

  • direct: door visceral reactions in the body
  • indirect: door activation of the insula and somatosensory cortex
35
Q

insula functions

A
  • monitor physiological state of the body = interoception
  • store the visceral and skeletomotor representations of emotional states
36
Q

activity in the anterior insula shows…

A

awareness of body responses, integration with executive systems

37
Q

posterior insula is related to

A

information about the body

38
Q

mid insula

A

integration with other information (e.g. visual) and connection to amygdala/hypothalamus

39
Q

the vmPFC can start simulations…

A

of bodily responses via the insula

40
Q

iowa gambling task

A

4 decks: A and B are large wins but also large losses (more losses -> niet goed). C and D are small wins en small losses (more wins -> goed).

during the first trials: you feel emotional consequences of losses and wins
during later trials: vmPFC simulates the emotional results. -> gives a sense of good and bad options.

41
Q

iowa gambling task which participants do not perform well?

A

patients with vmPFC damage -> do not make good decisions.

they also do not have a skin conduction response during the task -> no activation of sympathetic nervous system

42
Q

fearful white eyes that were masked (no active perception of them)

A

still activated the amygdalae.

43
Q

faces and houses experiment

A

participants were shown faces and houses
either one presented to another eye -> binocular rivalry
therefore, you consciously only see one picture.
even the people that saw houses, had increased amygdala response for fearful faces

44
Q

normal attentional blink vs emotional word

A

normal words: when represented as rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) -> a response to a word at T1 prevents T2 from being perceived.

emotional words: fearful words are perceived more then neutral words -> attentional blink decreases. (this effect dissapears for people with amygdala damage)

45
Q

how does the amygdala affect perception

A

amygdala projects to the entire visual system, V1.

  1. stop what you are doing and attent to danger: amygdala activates sympathetic nervous system (even patients with left visual neglect can detect danger here)
  2. amygdala stimulates basal forebrain to spread acetylcholine -> more attention
  3. activates ACC and basal ganglia -> frontoparietal attentional system
46
Q

2 ways of emotion regulation

A
  1. situation selection (dont fly if you are scared)
  2. cognitive reappraisal (give a different meaning to an emotional event)

Brain and Cognition 2 (9 decks)

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