DECK 12 Flashcards
(28 cards)
1
Q
What is coal?
A
- Mixture, not a compound
- Depending on the type of coal, it is composed of between 50%-100% carbon, by mass
- The rest being hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and trace amounts of sulfur
- Lignite has the lowest carbon content followed by sub-bituminous coal, bituminous coal, and finally anthracite which is almost pure carbon
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2
Q
What are the types of coal in order of lowest to highest carbon concentration?
A
- Lignite
- Subbituminous
- Bituminous
- Anthracite
3
Q
Where was coal mined in 1500?
A
France and England
4
Q
What is coke?
A
- Pure form of carbon obtained from coal by pyrolysis
- Process is similar to making charcoal from wood
- Around 1700 coke was used in the iron industry, allowing rapid expansion since coal was no longer needed in smelting
- Increased Britains energy security
5
Q
What is Pyrolysis?
A
- Removes impurities and organic material and concentrates the carbon-based fuel by heating to high temperatures without combustion
- The production of charcoal from wood, coke from coal and most recently in the extraction of bitumen
6
Q
How did coal create technological advances in the past?
A
- When demand for coal began to rise, it became more difficult to mine at greater depths due to flooding
- The newcome engine was then used to pump water
7
Q
Why did coal technology emerge in Britian?
A
- Scarcity of timber
- Secure and abundant supply of coal
- The development of coking technology that eventually was transferred to iron making
8
Q
What were the implications of Britain during the first global war?
A
- It was a period of rapid growth for Britain driven by the need for weapons, ammunition, the navy, supplies
- They made significant colonial gains
- Expanded captive markets for British goods, further driving industrial growth
- But the war was costly for Britain and some of its colonies seeked separation
9
Q
Talk about the Napoleonic Wars
A
- Another period of rapid industrial growth for England
- The patent on the Watt Engine expired in 1799, leading to copycats and rapid diffusion of the steam engine
- Britain the most mechanized of the European Powers
- Napoleon defeated decisively at Waterloo by the British and Prussian forces
- Sadi Carnot, a Frenchman, deeply disillusioned by Napoleon’s loss, blamed it on better use of energy resources by the British (leading to the theory of the Carnot Engine)
- British Empire then dominated in the 19th century
10
Q
Who is the dominant producer of coal in the 18th and much of the 19th century?
A
United Kingdom
11
Q
What was the coal production of British colonies?
A
- Following the second Boer War 1899-1902, South Africa became a British Colony and coal production increase by a factor of 10
- Production in India increased dramatically in the early 20th
- Australia
12
Q
What was the coal production in the US?
A
- Coal output tripled between 1860 and 1871
- Caught up to the UK by the end of the 19th century
13
Q
What is a disadvantage of sail ships?
A
Dependent on wind
14
Q
What are the disadvantages of steamships?
A
- Had to carry coal therefore less cargo available
- in 1850, about 40% of cargo space needed for coal in trans-Atlantic crossings
- As engine efficiency improved, longer distance could be covered with same quantity of coal
- Break even distance between sail and steam improved from 1850 onward
- by 1890 breakeven distance was 16,000km
15
Q
What was the Modern History of Oil?
A
- At the turn of the 20th century, US dominated world oil production
- By 1910, significant fields were being developed in Iran, Sumatra, Venezuela, Peru, and Mexico
- Nevertheless, the US remains the worlds foremost producer for the next half century (production of petroleum outside the US did not exceed US production until the mid 1950s)
16
Q
Who is considered to be the second most important person in British Naval History?
A
Lord Fisher / John FIsher
17
Q
Who is the first lord of Admiralty?
A
Winston Churchill
18
Q
Who is to be or not to be?
A
Hamlet
19
Q
What is the strategic benefit with the saying that Mastery itself was the prize?
A
Greater speed and more efficient use of manpower
20
Q
What was Russias Prize?
A
- Russia has enormous oil and natural gas resources
- Russia is one of the worlds largest producers of oil
- Russia supplies 40% of natural gas consumed in European Countries
- It supplies most of the natural gas consumed by East European countries
- This has given Russia considerable leverage in Europe and especially Eastern Europe
- In the 2022 invasion of Ukraine, Russia has used oil and natural gas as a weapon against Europe and the World
21
Q
Talk about WW1
A
- Conversion of British fleer to oil prior to WW1
- Security of supply concerns lead to government financial support for opening of Persian oil Fields - leads to British Petroleum
- W1 introduced mechanized, mobile warfare (tank, truck, and plane)
22
Q
Talk about WW2
A
- Germany invents Blitzkrieg warfare; lifeblood is fuel. Nazis attempt to invade the Soviet Union to secure oilfields in Caucuses, also the North Africa Campaign. Coal liquefication invented by Germans
- US oil embargo of Japan in early 1941. Japanese pre-emptive strike at Pearl Harbour in December, as Japan tries to reach Indonesian oil fields.
23
Q
What happened in post WW2 and the Cold War?
A
- 1968: Kuwait, Libya, and Saudi Arabia form OPEC
- 1973: OPEC embargo leads to energy crisis
- 1979: Second Oil crisis following Iranian Revolution
- 1990: Persian Gulf War
- US began from a position of oil independence but gradually became a significant importer of oil
- Resource nationalism: oil rich countries assert control over their resources
- OPEC tries to regulate oil prices but the cartel is unstable in the face of burgeoning non-OPEC supplies
- The soviet oil industry collapses under the price pressure and revenue losses hasten the collapse of the entire Soviet State
- Energy independence in the US falls by the wayside but linger as a continuing political theme
24
Q
What were some macro-economic impacts?
A
- Economic downturns in the US since 1973 have followed an oil price spike
- For Canada, the short-run macro-economic impacts are mixed
25
What are the reasons to why we are in the golden age of natural gas?
- Abundant
- Cleanest hydrocarbon
- Lowest carbon foot-print
- New technologies, particularly horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing
- In electricity generation, needed to complement intermittent sources
26
What are some uncertainties for Natural Gas?
- The extent and nature of greenhouse gas emissions mitigation measures that will be adopted
- The mix of energy sources as the relative cost of fuels and technologies shift over time
- The evolution of international natural gas markets
- Geopolitics
27
What are some rules of thumb for natural gas consumption?
- World Natural Gas consumption is 370 billion cubic feet per day in 2020
- Canadian natural gas consumption is 11 billion cubic feet per day in 2020
28
What is Methane Hydrate?
- Methane hydrate (clathrate) is natural gas frozen in water
- The water molecules form a cage around the methane
- Roughly 1 mole of methane for every 5.67 moles per water
- March 2013, Japan announced that it has successfully extracted methane from this source in Nankai Trough
