Decline of the Ottoman Empire

Question 1

CONTEXT

Answer 1

been the “Sick Man of Europe” since the 1700s, but nobody wanted to conquer it

> > did lose land to Indonesia, India, West Africa (all Christian states); some states also became independent: Greek, Serbia, Romania through growing Nationalism and support from Russia and Britain

> > Janissaries lost their military edge and became conservative

Question 2

CAPITULATIONS

Answer 2

European manufactured goods hit artisans hard&raquo_space;> riots on importing goods

> > the Ottoman empire granted various Western states “Capitulations” - exemptions from taxes and fees which eroded Ottoman sovereignty

Question 3

TANZIMAT REFORMS

Answer 3

modernization reforms because there were no internal conflicts (unified state, leader was Muslim)

> > the reforms ultimately sought to provide for a new centralized state: new factories, mining operations, land reforms, railroads, Western law codes, new schools, non-Muslim equality, secular schools, improved rights for women

Question 4

YOUNG OTTOMANS

Answer 4

group of military officers who were Western-educated; supported the Tanzimat reforms and preferred a European Parliament-styled government, needed to embrace Western science, technology, and knowledge

Question 5

ABD AL-HAMID II

Answer 5

supported the Young Ottomans and created a Constitution and elected a parliament, but he reversed his reforms soon after and ruled as Caliph for 30 years after (despotic rule)

Question 6

YOUNG TURKS

Answer 6

opposed Hamid militarily and politically; advocated for a secular life and a Turkish national state that was (non-Muslim, secular); they were committed to modernization:

pushed into power by a military coup in 1908 and pushed for: secularization of schools, court, law codes, established political parties, and a single Law of Family Rights (equality amongst everyone, regardless or religion), Turkish became the official language, new schools for women, polygamy restricted, some women even abandoned veils