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Making of Modern China > Defeat and Humiliation 1894 - 1901 > Flashcards

Defeat and Humiliation 1894 - 1901 Flashcards

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1
Q

How many treaty ports by 1900

A

50

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2
Q

What happened internally in China between 1870 and 1894

A

Western influence grew with factories language schools and culture and democracy spreading into treaty ports and beyond, many Chinese still resisted

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3
Q

How did Japanese reaction to growing western influence in Asia differ to chinas

A

They chose to embrace the western technology and adopt it to modernise and industrialise their country

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4
Q

Meiji restoration

A

Japans modernisation in the style of the west, especially America, they centralised the government and introduced a constitution getting rid of the heritage of the samurai class and shoguns
—> Big focus on military development

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5
Q

Why didn’t cixi adopt the same method as Meiji

A

She believed that chinas traditions culture and methods were superior to the west so wouldn’t adpot any of the ideas.

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6
Q

What did Japan lack which inspired their interest in invading china

A

Food, coal, iron and oil

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7
Q

What was Japans first show of intent to invade china and when

A

Seizure of Riyaku Islands a chinese tributary state in 1875

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8
Q

Why did Japan have an interest in Korea

A
  • Stop growing Russian influence
  • A base to attack china from
  • Source of food and raw materials to power industrialisation
  • Form of defence in securing surrounding areas
  • Expansionist imperial attitude
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9
Q

What factors helped Japan to modernise quicker than china

A
  • receptivity to new ideas that china lacked
  • Less western interference than china
  • smaller size made it easier for central government to maintain power
  • Less obedience to old traditions
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10
Q

What was Japans first use of its imperial navy

A

Small attack on Korea in 1875 that resulted in the treaty of Ganghwa

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11
Q

Treaty of Ganghwa what and when

A

1876 unequal treaty with Koreas which opened up 3 ports for trade with Japan, this started unrest in Korea

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12
Q

What caused the Tianjin convention

A

A pro Japanse coup detat that was put down by chinese forces

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13
Q

Tianjin Convention what and when

A

1885 held that neither china nor Japan could deploy troops in Korea without first notifying the other

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14
Q

Why was the Tianjin convention so significant

A

It showed that the thousands of years of chinese dominance in Asia was over as they now has to negotiate treaties with Japan showing that they had surpassed china in military might

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15
Q

Tonghak Movement

A

religious nationalist movement or group in Korea that opposed all foreign presence

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16
Q

How did the Tonghak movement lead to the Sino Japanese war

A

Tonghak rebellion broke out in 1894 I which the king of Korea requested chinese assistance which was sent according to the treaty of ganghwa, Japan also sent troops not to be outdone which began the war when Japanese ships then opened fire on chinese ships

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17
Q

What were the main events of the Sino Japanese war

A
  • Japan seized all of Korea with china retreating to Manchuria
  • Japan defeated Chinese in a naval battle at the mouth of Yalu causing them to retreat to weihaiwei
  • Japan seized the liadong peninsula
  • Japanese troops seized weihaiwei port and turned the guns on chinas own fleet
  • China then sued for peace
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18
Q

What did the war cement about china

A

The self strengthening movement had failed and they were in a state of decline, weak corrupt and delusional, humiliated the Qing dynasty to the world and chinese people

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19
Q

What did the war cement about Japan

A

They were the new major eastern power and had a military of the same strength as the west

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20
Q

Main terms of the treaty of Shimonoseki 1895

A
  • China had no control over Korea
  • 200 million payed to Japan
  • Japan gained 4
  • China ceded Liadong and Taiwan
  • 4 more ports opened for trade
  • Japan could manufacture goods in china
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21
Q

Who was an example of chinas arrogant leadership

A

Admiral Ding at weihaiwei

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22
Q

Why did China lose the Sino Japanese war

A
  • Japans incredibly superior military
  • Chinas unorganised and outdated and untrained military personnel and equipment
  • failure of the self strengthening movement
  • Arrogance and complacency
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23
Q

What did British adviser Robert hart state about chinas belief about the war

A

1/1000 chinese people believed they would lose to Japan

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24
Q

What was the main thing holding china back

A

Their outdated views of superiority and arrogance

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25
What model did Japan follow
German model of imperialism and militarism to define itself
26
What else cemented Japan as a major world power
Defeated Russia in a war in 1905 in Manchuria
27
What did news of the treaty of shimonoseki cause at the civil service exams in china
Protests and demands for economic and governmental reform
28
Scramble for concessions
Colonial powers trying to further their expansion and influence in china after the Sino-japanese war
29
What was the triple intervention
France Russia and Germany intervention to stop japans expansion into china and gain of more influence, forcing them to relinquish all lands gained in the treaty of shimonoseki in which the western forces took control of
30
Why did Russia enter the triple intervention
They wanted to obtain control of the liadong peninsula as it had warm water ports and furthered their Manchurian interest
31
Why did Germany enter the triple intervention
establish an eastern presence to divert Russias attention away from its western border
32
What was the supposed aim of the triple intervention
The western powers wanted to preserve chinas sovereignty
33
Why did France enter the triple intervention
They were obliged to due to the Franco Russian agreement and also didn't want to be outdone by Germany
34
What and when was the Franco-Russian agreement
1894 France and Russias agreement to unite against a rapidly industrialising Germany
35
What was the real aim of the triple intervention
Germany and Russia competing for power in the east and china to increase influence, especially wanted naval bases
36
What did triple intervention show
China had zero control over their own territories or dealings
37
What was Germanys action in the triple intervention
Germany used the excuse of the murder of two German catholic missionaries in Shandong to enter and seize the whole Qingdao province and obtaining mining and railway rights
38
What was Russias action in the triple intervention
seized aiding peninsula and two strategic ports on it, started building south Manchurian railway
39
What was Chinas action in the triple intervention
Seized influence in Guangdong, Yunnan, Guangxi and linked these areas to French Indochina colonies with a railway
40
How did the triple intervention affect Japan
greatly angered Japanese nationalists who criticised the government for submitting, they accelerated military development and signed a treaty with Britain to stop it happening again
41
What weakened china before their war with Japan
Wars with France in 1884 in which France destroyed a lot of chinas naval power
42
Who solicited foreign intervention against Japan in the triple intervention
Li Hongzhang
43
Why didn't Britain want territorial influence in china like the other colonial powers
They only had trade interest with china as they didn't want to expand too much and endanger their own colonies, they thought trade with china was better if china was sovereign
44
What forced Britains hand in the scramble for concessions
They didn't want to be outdone by other colonial powers involved in the tripe intervention
45
What was the US open door policy
Proposal to assist opening of chinese markets to foreign trade whilst maintaining chinese sovereignty
46
What did Britain then receive in response to the triple intervention
- Weihaiwei port - Rail and trade rights on the Yangtze - Hong Kong size was increased into the mainland to provide farmland and housing for the growing population, to be returned in 1997
47
What were the negative effects of western imperialism on china
- Silver drain in china - import of cheap British cotton damaged chinese cottage industry - indemnity payments crippled chinese government - concessions gave foreigners control over chinas heavy industry - treaty ports meant chinese enterprise couldn't compete
48
Causes of the boxer rebellion
- Failure of self strengthening movement - Defeat in sino Japanese war - Chinese corruption - Increasing western and colonial dominance of territories in china - Governments impotence - Growth of chinese nationalism and anti-foreign feeling
49
Who were Kang Youwei and Jiang Qichao
Two reformers in china who advocated for the following of the Japanese model
50
Who was the patron for the progressives in the chinese government
Emperor Guanxu
51
Who was the patron for the conservatives in the chinese government
Dowager Empress Cixi
52
How did Cixi gain power
She was a concubine for Xianfeng and when he died in her son tongzhi became emperor so she became regent
53
Timeline of Cixi and Guanxus conflict as ruler
Cixi - until 1889 when Guanxu married Guanxu - until 1898 when he was put under house arrest by cixi until his death Cixi - until 1908 when she died
54
What was the example of Cixis ultra conservative attitude
She diverted self strengthening funds to build a marble boat statue at the summer palace
55
What did Guanxu introduce in 1898
Hundred days reform
56
What were some of the intentions of the hundred days reform
- More western education system getting rid of traditional chinese techniques - Free press - Increase in banks - modernise military and navy - establish government departments for mining healthcare agriculture - wished for a constitution
57
How was the hundred days reform stopped immediately
Cixi imprisoned Guanxu and lead to coup detat, Leading reformers were executed and Kang and liang fled the country
58
What group emerged from anti foreign feelings in china
The fists of united righteousness or boxers
59
Where was most Boxer resentment directed
Towards christians and especially chinese christian converts
60
Why did the Boxers dislike railways churches and factories
They believed it desecrated natural order and energy, Feng shui belief, which would bring bad luck
61
What did the boxers claim
That they had supernatural powers and that western bullets couldn't hurt them
62
When did the boxer rebellion start
1899
63
How many boxers were there by 1900
several hundred thousand
64
What caused immediately Boxers to rise up in the countryside
Poor harvests
65
What did Boxers target
- Burned foreign buildings - tore up railroads - attacked chinese christians - destroyed telegraph wires
66
How did the Boxer rebellion accelerate
They entered Beijing and besieged the foreign legation quarters, they also killed German minister and Japanese diplomat
67
What was the relation between Cixi and the Boxers
Cixi supported them as she was against the west and thought they could rid the foreigners, gave the westerners 24 hours to leave Beijing but they didn't
68
Why did the Boxers fail
- Lack of effective leadership - Lack of support from the Qing - Strength of the foreigners
69
Eight Nation army
20,000 troops mostly British, japanese and Russian,
70
Why did the Qing armies not support the Boxers
Cixi ordered for support but due to the banner army system many regional power holders refused to fight with the boxers due to fear of western repercussions
71
What did the eight nation army do
Liberated the siege of Beijing, sacked pillaged looted Beijing. murdered civilians. Cixi and Guanxu fled the imperial court
72
Boxer Protocol terms
- Formal apology for the murders of foreign diplomats - Chinese people no longer allowed in legation quarter - Foreign powers allowed to station troops in Beijing - Jinshi examinations - Boxer leaders executed - China had to pay over one billion taels of indemnity by 1940
73
Why were the boxers a perfect example of china in the period
outdated and superstitious views, lack any sort of coordination or leadership, anti-foreign feeling
74
Why did China remain sovereign
The western powers deemed it better for trade if their sovereignty was upheld
75
Results of the Boxer rebellion
- Cemented foreign control and presence in china - Indemnities - more distrust of foreigners in china - Loss of support for the Qing and cemented their downfall as inevitable - Growth of chinese nationalism support for sun yatsen - drastic Modernisation and reform
76
What was a huge social impact of the boxer rebellion
foreign domination increase opium exports, 40% of population became opium addicts
77
Why did Qing lose support of the people
They had loss the Mandate of Heaven and confucian order was upset
78
What was the opposition to the open door policy
Japans imperialistic expansionist attitude towards china, Manchuria
79
How was terror used by boxers and foreigners
foreigners murdered raped looted many civilians and innocent villages aswell as boxers, boxers killed 32,000 chinese christian converts

Making of Modern China (7 decks)

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