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Making of Modern China > The Japanese Threat, 1931-1941 > Flashcards

The Japanese Threat, 1931-1941 Flashcards

1
Q

What reforms were introduced after the boxer rebellion

A
  • Jinshi were abolished
  • established elected provincial assemblies
  • Prohibited foot binding
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2
Q

What did Cixi do in 1902

A

Attempted reforms by borrowing from foreigners but she died in 1908

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3
Q

who succeeded Cixi

A

Emperor Puyi ( 3 years old ), Prince Chun as regent

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4
Q

When did the Qing dynasty fall

A

1911

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5
Q

What was wrong with the reforms introduced by the Qing

A

It was too little too late as they had already lost support, were also financed by foreigners

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6
Q

What directly caused the Qing dynasty to fall

A

Wuchan uprising, troops refused to put down this uprising and turned on the government, Yuan Shikai convinced Puyi to abdicate

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7
Q

Who inspired the Wuchan uprising

A

Sun yatsen

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8
Q

21 demands what and when

A

1915 Demands Japan imposed on china essentially making it a protectorate, Was opposed and blocked by foreign powers open door policy

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9
Q

What parts of china did Japan control by 1920

A

Considerable areas of Manchuria and the Shandong peninsula

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10
Q

Why did Japan want to expand into China

A

To supply raw materials and room for population as they were losing US support as well as the Wall Street Crash

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11
Q

When was the Warlord era

A

1916-1927 GMD was internationally accepted power but they had no power, all was held by regional warlord

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12
Q

4th May movement when and what

A

1919-25 Movement with resentment for Japan and western involvement

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13
Q

What was the united front

A

Friendship between GMD and CCP to join together to defeat the warlord in northern expedition

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14
Q

Whampoa military academy when and what

A

1924 trained troops for the GMD and made it into a military group

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15
Q

Who replaced sun yatsen as leader of GMD

A

Chiang Kai Shek

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16
Q

why did the united front break in 1928

A

Chiang kai shek was anti communist and saw them as a threat and turned on the ccp, ccp were suspicious of capitalist funding for GMD

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17
Q

Jiangxi Soviet

A

Communist safety camp where Mao raised peasant support

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18
Q

GMD encirclement campaigns

A

GMD campaigns pushing CCP back into small area in jaingxi soviet

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19
Q

Futian incident 1930

A

Purge of rival units and execution of officers in the CCP, Maos rise to power

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20
Q

Long March 1934

A

communist escape from Jiangxi and march up north 80% died

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21
Q

where did CCP set up new base after long march

A

Yanan

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22
Q

What were suns three principles of the people

A

Nationalism, Democracy, Welfare

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23
Q

How did Russia help with GMD and CCP development

A
  • Helped to negotiate the united front with sun yatsen
  • Military improvement to GMD and CCP
  • Comintern has the aim to spread communism worldwide
  • Sneevliet founded congress of CCP and joined them to comintern
  • Voitinski trasnalted communist manifesto to chinese
  • commintern provided funding to keep CCP alive, $5000 a year
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24
Q

Who was Chiang kai shek wife

A

song may ling

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25
Q

Difference between Maoism and Communism

A

Maosim focuses on the peasant population rather than urban working class

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26
Q

What happened German land in China after WW1

A

They lost it all and much of it was purchased or given to Japan

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27
Q

Why did Japan look to China at the end of 1920s

A

Walll street crash and unfriendly US trade legislation meant Japan needed new sources of trade and new markets to sell to growing population

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28
Q

Tanaka Memorial

A

Japans existence was at risk unless they expanded into china mainly Manchuria, favoured war with china

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29
Q

When did Chiang unify most of China

A

1928

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30
Q

What did China say about Japan and communists

A

Japan was a disease of the skin but Communism a disease of the heart, needed to rid the Communists before Japan

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31
Q

How was Japan divided in its views about Manchuria

A

Military supported tanaka memorial approach but government wanted a more diplomatic

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32
Q

Kwantung Army

A

Radical militarists who favoured a military government, Japanese army in Manchuria

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33
Q

What did the Kwangtung Army do in 1928

A

Assassinated Manchurian warlord

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34
Q

What did the Kwantung Army do in 1931

A

They engineered the Mukden incident

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35
Q

Mukden incident

A

Kwantung army blew up a part of Japanese south Manchurian Railway and blamed Chinese saboteurs. Kwantung army used this as an excuse to invade Mukden and Manchuria

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36
Q

National Salvation Movement

A

Popular movement in china in the population to hinder Japanese expansionism

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37
Q

What was Chiangs opinion for the Manchurian crisis

A

He hoped the league of nations would deal with it and his priority remained annihilating CCP

38
Q

Zhang Xueliang

A

Warlord who was pushed out of his native Manchuria by the Japanese so developed an intense hatred to Japanese over the communists

39
Q

How did the League of Nations respond to chinas appeal about Japans invasion of Manchuria

A

They sent the Lytton commission to investigate

40
Q

Lytton report conclusion

A

They found out that Japan was guilty for aggression, chinas soveriengty was threatened

41
Q

What was the response following the Lytton report

A

Japan walked out of the League of Nations, League of Nations had no military clause so no help was given to China

42
Q

How did chinese nationalists respond to Japanese presence in Manchuria

A

They began boycotts of Japanese goods cutting japans sales in china by 2/3

43
Q

How did Japan try to legitimise their claim in Manchuria

A

Renamed it manchuko to be land of the Manchus, installed puli as chief executive (puppet leader) to try and show chinese control.

44
Q

When did Japan secure Manchuria and what followed

A

1932 but until 1937 there was large scale domestic opposition with many guerrilla campaigns against the Japanese

45
Q

What was China’s view on Japanese aggression after they had taken control of Manchuria

A

He wanted to stay defensive until china were strong enough to defeat Japan or could gain western support

46
Q

How did Japan justify a conflict in Shanghai to end the boycott

A

They staged a beating of Japanese monks by chinese men

47
Q

What happened in Japans invasion and occupation of Shanghai

A

They faced some GMD opposition but bombed the city heavily forcing many civilians and GMD out, 70,000 Japanese troops occupied the city and began looting

48
Q

Fukien rebellion 1933

A

Most clear example of disunity and infighting in china at the time, forces redeployed from fighting Japanese in Shanghai to fight the communist however they negotiated with communists and staged a rebellion but they were put down

49
Q

Treaty of Tangu when and what

A

1833 Japan recognised Japanese control in Manchuria and some other northern states, accepted a demilitarised zone, China surrendered to preserve chinese sovereignty and avoid full scale war

50
Q

What effect did Treaty of Tangu have on china

A

made Chiang very unpopular humiliating the GMD, GMD lost support of nationalists as more started to turn to CCP

51
Q

What effect did the treaty of Tangu have on Japan

A

Secured prospects for further expansionism into China as they recognised their superiority over china, Japans economy also relied on chinese resources so they needed more control of the mainland

52
Q

What was Chiangs plan following treaty of tango and why did it fail

A

He was willing to tolerate Japan in Manchuria as he wanted to eradicate the communists so he could fully unify china against Japan. Japan wanted further expansion fast and Chiang couldn’t eliminate the communist

53
Q

Xian incident when and what

A

1836 Zhang Xueliang and local leaders took Chiang hostage and forced him to sign a second united front with the communists against the Japanese threat

54
Q

What was Chiangs method for the war with Japan

A

Exhaust japans stretched resources prolonging the war for as long as possible until foreign help came or japans resources were depleted

55
Q

Marco Polo Bridge incident 1937

A

The trigger cause of the war, Japanese and chinese troops clashed at Marco Polo bridge near peiping in a minor skirmish, Japanese soldier was reported lost so Japanese troops escalated the conflicts and occupied the city of peiping and demanded chinese troops withdraw from the area, china refused and declared war

56
Q

Causes of the second Sino Japanese war in 1837

A
  • Great Depression meant no threat of foreign involvement gains Japan
  • Japanese continuing imperialism and expansionism
  • Chinese nationalism
  • Weak state of china, infighting
  • Xian incident
  • Marco Polo bridge incident
57
Q

How did the war start terribly for china

A

The chinese airforce attempted to bomb Japanese fleet in Shanghai but missed and hit civilian areas

58
Q

What was Chiangs first move in the war

A

Engage Japan in Shanghai as to fight on two fronts to stretch Japans resources and create a prolonged war

59
Q

How did meanings of victory differ for Japan and china

A

China - Anything other than immediate retreat was victory

Japan - Any resistance or casualties were unacceptable

60
Q

How many chinese and Japanese fatalities were there in Shanghai in 1837 after Japan regained control

A

300,000 chinese
70,000 Japanese

61
Q

Where did Chinese forces withdraw to after the failure of the Shanghai campaign

A

Nanjing

62
Q

What did Japan achieve in October 1938

A

Control of all naval ports in china

63
Q

What happened to the defence in Nanjing

A

heavy Japanese bombardment for three days caused them to flee leaving the city open for Japanese forces

64
Q

Rape of Nanjing

A

Unprecedented brutality: killing competitions by Japanese soldiers, beheadings, mutilations, rape, forced incest, murdering children. by Japanese forces in Nanjing resulting in the murder of 300,000 civilians lasting seven weeks

65
Q

Reasons for the rape of Nanjing

A
  • Japanese anger and revenge for unexpected Shanghai opposition
  • Consistency with japans total war and terror tactics
  • Japan wanted to send a psychological message to all of china
66
Q

where did nationalist forced retreat to after Nanjing

A

Wuhan

67
Q

where did GMD forces enjoy a victory

A

Battle of Tai’erzhuang 100,000 Japanese casualties strengthened the chinese resolve to fight a

68
Q

What was Jiangs drastic action to slow the Japanese advance on Wuhan

A

He broke the embankment of the yellow river flooding 30,000 square miles in the area

69
Q

How was Jiangs flooding of the yellow river successful

A

He slowed the Japanese advance by 3 months

70
Q

How was Jiangs flooding of the yellow river a failure

A

Flooded many villages and farmland and drowned 500,000 people and made 3 million refugees

71
Q

Anti-comintern pact of 1937

A

Anti communist alliance signed by Germany and Japan, caused Germany to recall all previous military help in china

72
Q

Who aided Chinas defence of Wuhan but this was unsuccessful

A

USSR provided some air force help

73
Q

What was established in china in 1940

A

A poppet regime called Reorganised National Government led by Wang Jinwei

74
Q

Where did Chinese forces retreat to after the fall of Wuhan

A

Chongqing

75
Q

What improvements were made to Chongqing

A

Moved a lot of industries from wuhan, many government officials and intellectuals also related

76
Q

What were the problems in Chonqing

A
  • Poor backward city with minimal transport links
  • Refugees stretched food supplies
  • Unpopular GMD taxes
77
Q

What Soviet aid was given to China

A

50,000 rifles
900 Aircraft
100 tanks
10,000 machine guns

78
Q

Why did USA begin to grow opposition to Japan

A

They saw their naval domnincance in Asia which they thought threaten their phillipines and Hawaii naval bases

79
Q

How did USA initially help China without declaring war on Japan

A
  • Provided financial aid in loans to stabilise economy
  • Flying tigers volunteer US airforce trained chinese troops and fought against Japan
  • USA froze Japanese assets in US banks and put embargo on exporting to Japan which was significant for Japan
80
Q

What was Japan’s response to US economic sanctions and aid to china

A

Bombed pearl harbour in 1941 which was a massive blow to US

81
Q

What was the US response to Japans attack on pearl harbour

A

They declared war

82
Q

What was the lend-lease package

A

USA 500 and 630 million USD loans to china after they declared war on Japan in 1841

83
Q

What percentage of Japanese troops were in china in 1841

A

40%

84
Q

Why was Japan provoking USA a huge mistake

A
  • they were economically dependent on USA
  • USA had 9:1 ratio against Japan of industrial output
  • Japans steel production for the war was outproduced by just Pittsburgh 40 times
85
Q

Burma Road

A

Important chinese supply route that Japan took control of, USA liberated it.

86
Q

Who provided the constant nationalist anti-japanese rhetoric in china

A

CCP

87
Q

When and how were Japan defeated

A

USA engaged with Japan and the economic sanctions took a toll to the point where Japan were all but defeated, Japan finally surrendered in 1945 following Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombs by USA

88
Q

What were the outcomes of the war for china in 1945

A
  • Northern China liberated by the Russians and given to the CCP
  • South and East by the allies
89
Q

Chinese civil war 1946-49

A

Chiang launched attack on CCP in Manchuria, he failed suffering defeat and fled to Taiwan

90
Q

When was the PRC established

A

1949

Making of Modern China (7 decks)

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