Reconciliation and return of Hong Kong 1978-97 Flashcards
When did Mao die
1976
Shanghai communique when and what
1972, Diplomatic document stating improved Sino-US relations
When did the PRC get recognised on the UN Security Council
1971
What was the main reason for improved US relations in early 1970s
Mutual mistrust of USSR
Who replaced Mao
Hua Guofeng
Who Supplanted Hua Goufeng in 1978
Deng
What was Dennis policy quote
It doesn’t matter the colour of the cat as long as it catches the mice
–> meaning communist capitalist didn’t matter as long as it made china stronger
What were Dengs four modernisations
- Agriculture
- Trade
- Defence
- Manufacturing
Between 1970 and 1989 by how many countries did chinas diplomatic relations increase by
80
Benefits of joining the security council for china
- International recognition as strongest asian power
- Increased trade and diplomacy
- Equality with world superpowers
How many veto votes did china abstain from in the 70s compared to the 80s
1970s - 39%
1980s - 6%
What was the difference in Chinas attitude in the UN between the 70s and 80s
China gained more confidence beginning to use their veto powers more, advocated for peacekeeping missions, started using subsidiary bodies.
What did Deng state he prioritised in 1982
Relations with major states and Institutions like UN and IMF over Maoist ideology
What is the 1981 example of China opposing USA in the UN showing their confidence
Vetoed reappointment of US UN secretary general in favour of a Tanzanian candidate
How did China and USA ally against USSR in 1980s
USSR invaded afganhistan so China and USA supported and weaponised taliban
What was the main cause of the pro democracy movement in 1980s in china
Opening up to the west economically also brought the western ideological influence as younger educated people in china took up cause of democracy
How many protestors were there at Tianman square and how many died
100,000, 200
When was Tianmanen square massacre
1989
What was the UN reaction to Tianamne square massacre and what does it show
They were unanimously condemned for breach of human rights, but there was no diplomatic or economic sanctions as china had become too powerful within the UN.
What action by China fully absolved them of reputation damage after Tianamen Square
They supported the mandate for the Gulf war in 1990
When was the collapse of the USSR
1991
How did the fall of the USSR affect China
Solidified China as only major communist power
Why did China pursue joining the IMF and WB
Deng wanted to increase foreign investment into china as this would help develop the Economy, they could access many low interest loans to develop industry
What was the difference with foreign investment and economic intervention in the 1970s in china
It wasn’t exploiatatve
How did the IMF encourage economic reform in china
- Standby loans
- Push for economic decentralisation
- Less direct government involvement in the economy
- Acceptance of free marker values like monetary policy
- Increasing foreign trade
- Changing taxation system
What happened in 1986 that was evidence of china accepting more free trade methods advised by IMF
They increased interest rates and devalued the currency, devalued the currency so they could sell large amounts of exports worldwide
How was the World Bank impact of china more significant than IMF
It was further reaching in social regional and environmental development, also provided larger more direct loans
What did the WB agree in 1980
Five large development loans to china
What were the five development loans
- 200 million education
- 125 million for freight harbours
- 135 million in two agricultural loans
- 70 million to china investment bank for foreign exchanges
How many loans and how much did they total, did the WB provide to china between 1980 and 1997
192 loans
$30 billion
Lubuge Hydroelectric Project
1984 chinese test of WB project management methods, competitive bidding for construction. This was a huge success and rate of WB loans to china greatly increased after it
What developments did the WB bring to china that wasn’t loans
- cost benefit analysis
- environmental assessment
- competitive bidding
- modern technology in power
What was the aim of the first development education loan in 1981
Raise standard and volume of chinese graduates from chinese universities, focusing especially on improving facilities in science and engineering departments
What did the WB make china state run
- education
- transfer payments
- healthcare
- housing
Why was the WB relationship more significant than foreign trade relationships
WB was an independent non political state to economic modernisation could carry on whilst there was political discord like with the tianamen square massacre, when foreign trade relationships haltered temporarily
What kind economy was china
Socialist market Economy
What main two ways did IMF and WB facilitate the opening of chinese economy and economic trasnformation to a socialist market economy
- Opening china up to foreign investment
- Increased transparency and trust with publication of key reports