Defining features of neurons

Question 1

Where do neurons and glia originate from during development?

Answer 1

Neural Tube

Question 2

What are the 3 features of neurons relative to glia?

Answer 2

Morphological and functional asymmetry
Electrical excitability
Chemical excitability

Question 3

What is plasmalemma?

Answer 3

cell membrane

Question 4

What are the components of neuronal cell membranes?

Answer 4

Phospholipid bilayer
Ion channels
Receptors
Proteins

Question 5

What are the components of cytosol?

Answer 5

Aqueous Fluid

Question 6

What is the location and function of mRNA

Answer 6

located in the nucleus

transcribes genetic code from DNA

Question 7

What is the location and function of rRNA

Answer 7

located in cytoplasm of cell

directs translation of mRNA into proteins

Question 8

What is the location and function of tRNA

Answer 8

located in ribosomes

involved in protein synthesis by transferring nucleotide sequences into amino acids

Question 9

What is the function of the nucleolus?

Answer 9

Uses rRNA and proteins to make ribosomal subunits

Question 10

What are nonmembranous organelles?

Answer 10

Ribosomes, Proteasomes, Centrosomes

Question 11

What are membranous organelles?

Answer 11

Mitochondrio, peroxisomes, lysosomes, rough ER, smooth ER, Golgi complex

Question 12

Ribosomes

Answer 12

non-membranous Site of biological protein synthesis can be membrane bound or cytosolic

Question 13

Peroxisomes

Answer 13

membranous Degrades fatty acids and amino acids and detoxifies cell by preventing hydrogen peroxide accumulation

Question 14

Lysosomes

Answer 14

Mobile membranous organelles that degrade organelles, pathogens, and macromolecules brought by endosomes

Question 15

Proteasomes

Answer 15

non-membranous Unfolds and degrades ubiquitin tabled proteins for recycling

Question 16

Centrosomes

Answer 16

non-membranous and organizes microtubules

Question 17

Describe life cycle of a protein

Answer 17

Transcribed my mRNA, translated by rRNA and tRNA, folds and functions, tagged with ubiquitin, proteasome degrades

Question 18

What is Zellweger Spectrum disorder?

Answer 18

Congenital disorder caused by absence of peroxisomes.

Symptoms: impaired neuronal migration, reduced CNS myelin

Question 19

What are polysomes?

Answer 19

mRNA and multiple ribosome complex in the dendritic spines of neurons that acts as local protein synthesis

Question 20

How are endosomes involved in receptor turnover?

Answer 20

Used as shuttles for endocytosis when plasmalemma w/ receptor turn into endocytic vesicle that is shuttled back to membrane or to lysosomes

Question 21

What can freely enter/exit the nucleus?

Answer 21

Molecules with a molecular weight less than 5,000

Question 22

What are Lewi bodies?

Answer 22

Accumulation of insoluble alpha-synuclein protein builds up inside neurons leading to parkinsons

Question 23

What is amyloid plaque?

Answer 23

accumulation of beta-amyloid plaque in extracellular space that clogs synapses and leads to alzheimers

Question 24

What are SNAREs?

Answer 24

Large protein complex responsible for mediating vesicle fusion to their proper destination

Question 25

Why is endocytosis essential for neuronal health?

Answer 25

Maintains cell membrane alters activity of regulatory molecules recycling of synaptic vesicles

Question 26

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Answer 26

Occurs with clarthin coated vesicles that react with transmembrane receptors

Question 27

Bulk Endocytosis

Answer 27

Large portion of plasmalemma recycled through uncoated vacuoles that fuse with endosomes

Question 28

Differences between rough ER and smooth ER

Answer 28

Rough ER is studded with ribosomes and is involved in post-translational protein modification Smooth ER has no ribosomes, synthesizes lipids and steroid hormones

Question 29

Which 3 organelles do post-translational protein modification

Answer 29

Rough ER, Smooth ER, Golgi Complex

Question 30

Transport Vesicles

Answer 30

used for constitutive secretion and carries proteins

Question 31

Dense-Core Vesicles

Answer 31

Involved in regulated secretion dependent on Ca2+ exocytosis and carries neuropeptides

Question 32

Dendritic cytoplasm

Answer 32

Contain same makeup of somatic cytoplasm with organelles

Question 33

Axonic cytoplasm

Answer 33

Lacks organelles except smooth ER