Definitions 9 Flashcards
What does the FDA regulate?
Pharmaceuticals (drugs, medicated feeds), HUMAN vaccines, and animal devices
What does the EPA regulate?
Topical insecticides (not systemic)
- Pour-ons
- Collars, etc.
What does the USDA-CVB regulate?
Veterinary vaccines and diagnostics
(Located in Ames :))
What is a modified live vaccine?
Synthesize proteins in the cytoplasm and will induce CD8 T cells (CTLs).
Advantages:
- More rapid protection
- Longer-lasting immunity
- One does is usually sufficient
- No adjuvant required
- Better induction of cell-mediated immunity (CTLs)
- Better able to stimulate IgA
- May stimulate interferon
- Less expensive than killed vaccines (?)
What is an inactivated/killed vaccine?
A vaccine that contains killed antigen.
Advantages:
- Generally safer than modified live vaccines
- No reversion to virulence
- No contamination with live viruses (virus and any contaminants are killed during the processing of the vaccine)
- Less likely to be immunosuppressive
- Less likely to cause abortion (exception is mishandled gram-negative bacteria with free endotoxin)
- Stability in storage and handling
What is an autogenous vaccine?
Custom vaccine made for a specific herd using viruses or bacteria isolated from the herd in the last 15 to 24 months.
- USDA licensed product
- ALWAYS killed
- Produced by a USDA licensed facility
- Produced according to an approved Outline of Production
- Approved for use by or under the direction of a veterinarian or an approved specialist
- Some safety and sterility testing required
- No potency or efficacy testing required
What is a conditionally licensed vaccine?
A vaccine created to meet an emergency situation or other special circumstance.
An expedited procedure which assures purity and safety and a reasonable expectation of efficacy (while waiting for efficacy testing to be completed).
ONLY in vet med (there IS NO SUCH THING as a conditionally licensed vaccine in human med!!!!)
What is intentional introduction of an infectious agent?
Allows the control of time of disease introduction
- Ex: PRRS virus given/fed to gilts before they get pregnant
Serious safety problems associated with this method:
- May be more virulent than anticipated
- May maintain the disease in the herd
- May co-introduce other disease agents
- Infectious agents may mutate to have increased virulence
What is a fully licensed vaccine?
Fully licensed products meet the requirements that establish the purity, safety, potency, and efficacy of the product (including all permits for distribution and sale of vaccines imported into the U.S.).
What is DIVA?
Detecting Infection in Vaccinated Animals
Important for control and eradication of disease; allow for vaccination while retaining ability for serologic surveillance for infection.
Vaccines are developed along with companion diagnostic tests.
Ex: Canine Lyme vaccine, pseudorabies vaccine, foot and mouth disease, influenza in poultry, and classical swine fever.
What is an adjuvant?
Substances added to vaccines to enhance immunity or alter the immune response to co-administered antigen.
- Chemicals
- Microbial components (stimulate pattern recognition receptors (danger signals) so that immune sys will respond
- Mammalian proteins (cytokines)
