Definitions, EXAM 1

Question 1

View that it is possible to have a complete understanding of human behavior such that you can know what a person does before he or she does it

Answer 1

Determinism

Question 2

View that it is impossible to predict another person’s behavior because there is something else that influences human behavior (e.g. the soul)

Answer 2

Nondeterminism

Question 3

View that ideas are native to every human

Answer 3

Nativism

Question 4

View that knowledge originates from simple information from the senses, which can be combined into more complex ideas

Answer 4

Associationism

Question 5

View that there are basic building blocks (periodic table) of consciousness

Answer 5

structuralism

Question 6

View that all mental processes must have a purpose

Answer 6

Functionalism

Question 7

Method of study which people tried to follow their own thought processes

Answer 7

Introspectionism

Question 8

an automatic action by the body that occurs when a particular stimulus is perceived in an environment

Answer 8

Reflex

Question 9

A learned reflex is also known as

Answer 9

a Conditioned Reflex

Question 10

Stimulus which an animal has a predisposition to respond a particular way

Answer 10

unconditioned stimulus

Question 11

predispositioned response to a stimulus

Answer 11

unconditioned response

Question 12

A stimulus which, on its own, produces little to no response

Answer 12

conditioned stimulus

Question 13

a response learned from association with a conditioned stimulus

Answer 13

conditioned response

Question 14

finding an area in the brain that supports a specific function

Answer 14

localization

Question 15

the amount of light the eye receives

Answer 15

luminance

Question 16

The sun and the moons size equivocation is an example of

Answer 16

size and distance indeterminacy

Question 17

conceptual knowledge influences the processing or interpretation of lower level perceptual processes

Answer 17

top-down processing

Question 18

The strategy of employing multiple techniques to address the same question

Answer 18

converging operations

Question 19

Empiricism

Answer 19

All knowledge comes from experience

Question 20

complex behaviors done by animals, though they have little opportunity to practice or receive a reward

Answer 20

fixed-action patterns

Question 21

A window of time during which an organism is primed to learn some particular information

Answer 21

critical period

Question 22

people can create novel sentences, which means that language is _____

Answer 22

generative

Question 23

a symbol for an entity in the real world

Answer 23

a Representation

Question 24

something that manipulates representations in some way

Answer 24

process

Question 25

a theoretical set of processes

Answer 25

abstract construct

Question 26

learning about the world by trying things out, hypothesizing

Answer 26

empiricism

Question 27

Naturalistic Observation

Answer 27

type of descriptive research; involves observing behavior in its natural setting

Question 28

Researcher observes an individual on a number of occasions

Answer 28

Case Study

Question 29

Examining two aspects of the world with an eye to seeing whether they are related

Answer 29

Relational Research

Question 30

independent variable

Answer 30

the variable that the researcher manipulates

Question 31

variable that the researcher measures

Answer 31

dependent variable

Question 32

WEIRD

Answer 32

Western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic

Question 33

ecological validity

Answer 33

the extent to which a experiment would apply to real life

Question 34

neural communication is both ______ and ______

Answer 34

electrical, chemical

Question 35

recording the number of times per second a single neuron fires

Answer 35

Single-cell recording (used first in cats to test relationships between seeing geometric symbols and mental processes)

Question 36

Event-related potentials

Answer 36

Neural activity related to an action, and not resting potentials.

Question 37

the vascular system floods the ______ with _________

Answer 37

active part of the brain, oxygenated blood (fMRI detects this extra blood)

Question 38

memory of a path through a maze is supported by...

Answer 38

a specific pattern of neuron firing

Question 39

The Inverse Projection Problem

Answer 39

relates to the way the world falls on the retina; how we recover a three dimensional image from a two dimensional projection

Question 40

Objects may be at in different shapes and orientations, which results in ambiguity; this is called

Answer 40

shape and orientation indeterminacy

Question 41

Assumption of whether or not a change in color is due to light source, reflectance, or shadow is called

Answer 41

light source, reflectance, and shadow indeterminacy

Question 42

Making an assumption of the shape of an object due to how often may be in that position

Answer 42

the likelihood principle

Question 43

The visual system makes assumptions, one of which is that surfaces are _____ colored.

Answer 43

uniformly

Question 44

The visual system assumes that areas next to each other on the same plane have the same luminance. This process is called _______ ______

Answer 44

local contrast

Question 45

We determine the true size of an object by taking in a variety of clues, called _____

Answer 45

depth cues

Question 46

Oculomotor depth cues are based on

Answer 46

the movements of your muscles in your visual system (whereas other cues use information derived from your retinas)

Question 47

hypothesis that there are two streams of visual processing that determine what and where an object is

Answer 47

what/where hypothesis

Question 48

what/how hypothesis

Answer 48

visual hypothesis that maintains that the two streams of visual processing can be thought of as what an object is, and how it is we are to move to reach that object

Question 49

patients who are impaired in using visual guidance for movement, typically due to damage to the superior parietal cortex

Answer 49

optic ataxia

Question 50

Based on the fact that each eye sees something slightly different, we can employ _____

Answer 50

stereopsis

Question 51

if there is an opportunity to see a line continuing, you will see it continuing. This is called __________

Answer 51

good continuation

Question 52

three dimensional objects which are theorized building blocks of visual representation, posed by viewpoint independent model

Answer 52

geons

Question 53

conjunctions of edges assumed to correspond to different 3D shapes

Answer 53

Perkins' laws

Question 54

occlusion, texture gradient, linear perspective, height in the picture plane, and atmospheric perspective are examples of _______

Answer 54

pictorial cues

Question 55

close focus changes the shape of the lens of an eye

Answer 55

accomodation (cue to distance)

Question 56

looking at something very close causes the eyes to turn inward

Answer 56

convergence (cue to distance)

Question 57

a sudden discontinuity in intensity of light that falls onto your retina

Answer 57

edge

Question 58

2 Methods of Neuroscientific Data Collection:

Answer 58

Brain damaged patient (identify the problem and where the patient's damage is) Brain intact patient (observe activation using fMRI while the patient does a particular cognitive task

Question 59

2 activation tasks: Take one that involves a number of processes and contrast it with one that involves the same processes except one

Answer 59

subtraction

Question 60

In dyslexics there is less activity in ______

Answer 60

left temporal region

Question 61

Neural constraints, evolutionary constraints, and efficiency are all used to _____

Answer 61

differentiate theories with data

Question 62

knowing you've seen information before, but little else

Answer 62

familiarity

Question 63

a cue which matches the nature of the memory/experience

Answer 63

transfer-appropriate processing

Question 64

Movement of our body creates different relative motion of objects on our retinal image, which is called _______

Answer 64

cue motion parallax

Question 65

how lines and points of light move relative to each other over time

Answer 65

vector flow field

Question 66

neuropsychological deficit it recognizing faces

Answer 66

prosopagnosia

Question 67

face recognition is strongly associated with the ____ ______ of the brain

Answer 67

fusiform gyrus