Definitions, EXAM 2

Question 1

Attention “chooses” some stimuli and does not choose others, therefore, it is _____

Answer 1

Selective

Question 2

There is not an infinite amount of attention to devote, therefore attention is _____

Answer 2

Limited

Question 3

Sweeping your attention across the visual field, with the idea that your attention will stop when and if you find the desired object – is called a ____

Answer 3

visual search task

Question 4

A visual search task in which the desired object differs from the distractors by just one feature

Answer 4

disjunctive search

Question 5

A visual search task in which a particular combination of features differentiates the target from the distractors

Answer 5

conjunctive search

Question 6

“Preattentively” means

Answer 6

attention is not needed to know if or not a feature is present somewhere in the environment

Question 7

In ____ filter theories, the sensory characteristics of all stimuli are processed, and then they hit the filter. Then, the attended stimuli is allowed through the filter for semantic processing

Answer 7

Early

Question 8

In ____ filter models, all stimuli are processed to determine their physical and semantic characteristics, and only then do the stimuli hit the filter.

Answer 8

Late

Question 9

____ attention is driven by an internal goal and controlled by the observer

Answer 9

Endogenous

Question 10

______ attention is more passive and is driven by environmental cues

Answer 10

Exogenous

Question 11

Young people are better at multitasking because of their relatively good _____

Answer 11

working memory

Question 12

Memory system that is capable of storing a great number of items, but is fragile and transitory

Answer 12

sensory memory

Question 13

Active erasure of an iconic memory due to it being replaced by another

Answer 13

masking

Question 14

the auditory version of iconic memory

Answer 14

echoic memory

Question 15

A condition where participants saw an array quickly flashed, then they heard a tone that signaled which row they should report

Answer 15

partial report procedure

Question 16

The word length effect is evidenced by the fact that

Answer 16

participants can memorize more short words than long words in a working memory task

Question 17

A unit of knowledge that is decomposable into smaller units

Answer 17

chunk

Question 18

spontaneous forgetting of information

Answer 18

decay

Question 19

when old information and new information compete in working memory (causing one to lose out)

Answer 19

interference

Question 20

earlier learning interferes with later learning

Answer 20

proactive interference

Question 21

later learning interferes with earlier learning

Answer 21

retroactive interference

Question 22

making systemic errors in letter identification, based on the sound of letters

Answer 22

acoustic confusion effect

Question 23

to practice material in an effort to memorize it

Answer 23

rehearse

Question 24

Simply listening to something guarantees that it will get in to the phonological loop. This is known as _____

Answer 24

obligatory access

Question 25

anatomic dissociation

Answer 25

different tasks are supported by different parts of the brain

Question 26

implicit memory is characterized by

Answer 26

a change in behavior due to past events, without a conscious experience of recollection

Question 27

faster access to a memory that you have retrieved recently

Answer 27

priming

Question 28

classical conditioning situation in which the unconditioned response is an emotion

Answer 28

emotional conditioning

Question 29

the content of the memory is itself the storage address in _____ ______

Answer 29

content-addressable storage

Question 30

Nodes

Answer 30

represent concepts; have levels of activation

Question 31

Links

Answer 31

represent relationships between concepts

Question 32

memory is conceived as a vast network of concepts called a _____

Answer 32

semantic network

Question 33

semantic priming...

Answer 33

…indicates that activation passes between nodes, controlled by the visual cortex

Question 34

the process by which memories are "put in"

Answer 34

encoding

Question 35

deep processing refers to degrees of _____ involvement

Answer 35

semantic

Question 36

memory test in which participants were not told beforehand that they would be tested for memory

Answer 36

incidental memory test

Question 37

packet of related facts

Answer 37

schema

Question 38

a schema for a series of events

Answer 38

script

Question 39

information in the environment that is used as the starting point for retrieval

Answer 39

cue

Question 40

free recall

Answer 40

memory task with general prompt to remember things in the past

Question 41

cued recall

Answer 41

the experimenter adds some hints or cues about what you're supposed to remember

Question 42

recognition test

Answer 42

the experimenter provides targets along with the distractors

Question 43

savings in relearning

Answer 43

the experiment asks the participant to learn the same material to the same criterion twice, the difference in recall being measured

Question 44

sensitivity of a memory test

Answer 44

how precise the cues are

Question 45

entry point to memory

Answer 45

cue

Question 46

when the processes are the same at encoding and retrieval, then memory will be successful

Answer 46

transfer-appropriate processing

Question 47

memory is always a combination of the actual event plus relevant prior knowledge -- memory is a _____

Answer 47

construction

Question 48

a memory representation of what is generally true of an object or an event

Answer 48

schema

Question 49

cue bias

Answer 49

you can't get the cue back; common account for childhood amnesia

Question 50

consolidation happens during sleep due to _________

Answer 50

hippocampal replay

Question 51

the idea that the representation is lost, not the association

Answer 51

selective retrieval

Question 52

you remember the contents, but forget the source material

Answer 52

source confusion