Definitions, EXAM 3

Question 1

a group of objects that have something in common

Answer 1

category

Question 2

an instance of a category

Answer 2

exemplar

Question 3

classical view of categorization

Answer 3

a concept is a list of necessary and sufficient conditions for membership in a category

Question 4

______ refers to the fact that people do not think of all exemplars as equally good members of a category

Answer 4

typicality

Question 5

probabilistic view of categorization

Answer 5

category membership is proposed to be a matter of probability, rather than binary

Question 6

the _____ model holds that multiple exemplars of a category are stored in memory

Answer 6

exemplar model

Question 7

A single speaker produces phonemes differently depending on the context of the phoneme (anticipating future movements)

Answer 7

coarticulation

Question 8

phonemes are put in categories; identified as one or the other – this is called ______

Answer 8

categorical perception

Question 9

when vocal cords start vibration, relative to the plosion of air

Answer 9

voice onset time

Question 10

mental dictionary

Answer 10

lexicon

Question 11

you are more quick to classify a string of letters as a word if you heard it recently – this is due to ______

Answer 11

cross-modal priming

Question 12

mispronounced words get lexical access if ____

Answer 12

they are mispronounced in ways people tend to mispronounce them

Question 13

if a new word can be attached to an existing node in a phrase structure, go with that interpretation

Answer 13

principle of minimal attachment

Question 14

languages permit communication between individuals – language is ____

Answer 14

communicative

Question 15

the relationship between the elements in the language and their meaning is ______

Answer 15

arbitrary

Question 16

the pattern of symbols within language is not arbitrary, but _____

Answer 16

structured

Question 17

the basic units of language can be used to build a limitless number of meanings – language is _____

Answer 17

generative

Question 18

language is not static but changing – it is _____

Answer 18

dynamic

Question 19

individual speech sounds; smallest unit of spoken language

Answer 19

phoneme

Question 20

group of related sentences forming a paragraph or group of related paragraphs

Answer 20

text

Question 21

model that suggests that we have a representation of the world that a text depicts

Answer 21

situation model

Question 22

a set of mental rules that defines what are permissible sentences in a community of speakers

Answer 22

grammar

Question 23

people’s knowledge of grammar

Answer 23

competence

Question 24

the way people actually talk

Answer 24

performance

Question 25

a symbol has the same symbol embedded within it as part of its definition

Answer 25

recursion

Question 26

representation which corresponds to the meaning of a sentence

Answer 26

deep structure

Question 27

representation which yields the order in which words will be uttered

Answer 27

surface structure

Question 28

children use their limited vocabulary for many referents

Answer 28

overextension

Question 29

applying linguistic rules to exception words where the rule should not be applied

Answer 29

overregularization

Question 30

critical period

Answer 30

window of opportunity during which something can be learned effortlessly

Question 31

thought is so intimately tied to language that thoughts generated in one language may be impossible to express in another language

Answer 31

Whorfian hypothesis

Question 32

two words with identical spelling, but different pronunciations and meanings

Answer 32

homographs

Question 33

two words that are spelled and pronounced the same way, but have different meanings

Answer 33

homonym

Question 34

picture of thing you're trying to convey

Answer 34

pictograph

Question 35

arbitrary, but one symbol goes with an idea

Answer 35

logograph

Question 36

symbol represents sound

Answer 36

phonogram

Question 37

A missing phoneme is restored by the context and is never consciously identified as missing

Answer 37

phoneme restoration effect

Question 38

the use of vision in the perception of speech is at the root of the ______ effect

Answer 38

McGurk

Question 39

a string of letters appears on a screen, the participant decides whether it’s a word

Answer 39

lexical decision task

Question 40

if you have recently been thinking about a related word, then a lexical decision is made more quickly

Answer 40

semantic priming

Question 41

dyslexia caused by brain damage in people who were able to read before the injury

Answer 41

acquired dyslexia

Question 42

the reading of non-words is preserved, but the patient has difficulty reading irregular words

Answer 42

surface dyslexia

Question 43

the psychological mechanism that derives phrase structures from sentences

Answer 43

sentence parser

Question 44

your cognitive system builds a phrase structure, but later in the sentence it becomes clear that something must be wrong with it

Answer 44

garden path sentence

Question 45

a word that reliably provides a cue to a bit of phrase structure organization

Answer 45

key word

Question 46

the representation of the exact words in the order that they appear

Answer 46

surface code

Question 47

the textbase is ____

Answer 47

semantically deeper than the surface code and captures the explicitly stated logical and causal relationships between the objects and events in the text

Question 48

the textbase uses a format called a _____

Answer 48

proposition

Question 49

because pauses in speech are relatively rare, researchers sometimes call speech a _______

Answer 49

speech stream

Question 50

expected value theory

Answer 50

probability of getting the outcome multiplied by the value of the outcome

Question 51

expected utility

Answer 51

combines the probability of getting the outcome and our preferences in that situation

Question 52

consistently maximizing expected utility means that choices are ____

Answer 52

rational

Question 53

transitivity

Answer 53

if a = b, and b = c, than a = c

Question 54

theories on how people should make decisions

Answer 54

normative theories

Question 55

'mental shortcuts' are also called _______

Answer 55

heuristics

Question 56

when there is a great deal of overlap in categorization and the perceptual or motor processes, researchers call the representation ______

Answer 56

embodied

Question 57

a mode of perception is called a _____

Answer 57

modality

Question 58

the visual aspect of letter recognition

Answer 58

orthographic processing

Question 59

background rate of frequency of something in a group

Answer 59

base rate