Defs Flashcards
(178 cards)
1
Q
Meiosis
A
A form of nuclear division in which the daughter nuclei contain half the chromosome number of the parent nucleus
2
Q
mitosis
A
A form of nuclear division in which one nucleus divides to form two nuclei, each containing identical sets of chromosomes
3
Q
cancer
A
when cells lose their ability to control mitosis and the number of times it takes place
4
Q
cell continuity
A
all cells develop from pre existing cells
5
Q
portal system
A
blood pathway that begins and ends with capillaries
6
Q
coronary arteries
A
supply cardiac muscle with blood
7
Q
coronary veins
A
drain blood from the heart wall into the right atrium
8
Q
Heartbeat
A
A contraction and relaxation of cardiac muscle
9
Q
diastole
A
when heart chambers relax
10
Q
systole
A
when heart chambers contract
11
Q
Pulse
A
The alternate expansion and contraction of the arteries due to pumping of the heart
12
Q
blood pressure
A
force exerted by blood against the walls of the blood vessels
13
Q
hypertension
A
high blood pressure
14
Q
serum
A
plasma with clotting proteins removed; contains antibodies can be given in injections to provide resistance against disease
15
Q
selectively permeable membrane
A
allows some but not all molecules to pass through
16
Q
Active transport
A
the movement of molecules across a membrane, against concentration gradient, using energy (not optimal)
17
Q
Diffusion
A
spreading out of molecules from high concentration to low concentration ; doesn’t require energy
18
Q
Osmosis
A
the movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration
19
Q
Isotonic
A
equal concentration
animals that live in seawater; cytoplasm that is same concentration as the sea ; kidneys ensure plasma is the same concentration as our blood cells
20
Q
hypotonic
A
low solute concentration
cell can gain water and burst
amoeba have a contractile vacuole to prevent bursting
21
Q
Hypertonic
A
high solute concentration
lose water & shrivel
22
Q
Plasmolysis
A
the movement of the cell membrane away from cell wall of a plant cell
23
Q
Turgor
A
The pressure of cytoplasm and vacuole against cell of a plant
24
Q
Reproduction
A
ability of organism to produce new individuals of the same species
25
asexual reproduction
involves only one parent
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sexual reproduction
involves the union of two sex cells/ gametes
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receptacle
attached to all parts of a flower for support
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sepal
protects the flower while its in its bud
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petals
brightly coloured in animal pollinated flowers to attract insects
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stamen
male part of the flower
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filament
brings food/ water to the anther
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Anther
produces pollen which produces male gametes
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carpel
female part of the flower
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stigma
traps pollen grains
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style
connects stigma to ovary and lets pollen tube grow
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ovary
contains ovule which produces female gametes
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Pollination
the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a flower of the same species
38
Fertilisation
the fusion of the male and female gametes to form a diploid zygote
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seed
fertilised ovule; contains plant embryo, food store & outer coat called Testa
40
fruit
mature ovary that contains seeds
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dispersal
the transfer of a seed or fruit away from the parent plant
42
Dormancy
the resting period where seeds fail to germinate, even in suitable conditions
43
Germination
the growth of a seed/ embryo into a seedling
44
Vegetative propagation
the asexual reproduction of a plant from a stem, root, leaf or bulb
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hypogeal
remain below ground and act as finite food source for radicle and plumule
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epigeal
emerges above ground, becomes photosynthetic functioning as true leaves
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Gonad
An organ that produces sex cells in animals
48
Ejaculation
the release of semen from the penis
49
Testis
produces sperm and testosterone
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epididymis
matures and stores sperm
51
carries sperm from epididymis to urethra
sperm duct
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urethra
Allows passage of urine or sperm
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penis
places sperm inside body of female during copulation
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scrotum
keeps testes at a lower temperature, optimum for meiosis
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primary sexual characteristics
organs needed for reproduction
56
secondary sexual characteristics
.
57
Infertility
inability to produce offspring
58
Ovulation
the release of an egg from the ovary
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menstrual cycle
series of events that occur every 28 days on average in the female if no fertilisation has occurred
60
Menstruation
the shedding of endometrium in the absence of fertilisation
61
Ovulation
release of the egg from the ovary
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menopause
when ovulation and menstruation stops
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copulation
when the penis is inserted and moves inside the vagina
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insemination
release of semen into vagina
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fertilisation
the fusion of the egg & sperm nuclei to form a diploid zygote
66
Implantation
the embedding of the fertilised egg into the lining of the uterus
67
In vitro fertilisation
the removal & fertilisation of eggs from the ovary, outside the body
68
Germ layer
a layer of cells in the embryo with the potential to give rise to specific adult tissues
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Gestation
length of time spent in the uterus from fertilisation to birth 38 weeks
70
Lactation
secretion of milk by mammary glands of female
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Birth control
methods taken to limit the number of children that are born
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Abortion
termination of pregnancy
73
Contraception
the deliberate prevention of fertilisation or pregnancy
74
Conjunctiva
Protects sclera
75
Cornea
Allows light into eye and focuses it onto retina
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choroid
Provides blood supply for the retina and ensures there’s no internal reflection of light inside eye
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retina
light receptors;
Rods detect black and white- pigment called rhodopsin vitamin A needed for its formation
Cones detect colours
78
Fovea
where images are focused : most cones here
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Blind spot
optic nerve leaves eye
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Optic nerve
Carries impulses from rods and cones to the brain
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lens
changes shape to focus light on the retina
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Ciliary muscle
accommodates to near or cad sights
causes lens to change shape for focusing
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suspensory ligaments
holds lens in place
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Iris
coloured part; controls amount of light entering eye by changing pupil shape
85
pupil
allows light into eye
86
Aqueous humour
fluid behind cornea that gives shape to front of eye
87
Vitreous humour
Gives shape to the eye
88
External muscle
Attached to the sclera
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Accommodation (lens)
the changing shape of the lens to focus light on the retina
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Accommodations for nearby objects
Lens takes on a thick / convex shape
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Accommodations for distant objects
lens is thin
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myopia
(short sighted) near objects are clear distant objects are blurry ; eye ball is too long or lens to curved cured with concave lens
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Hyperopia
long sighted close objects blurry; short eyeball or lens not curved enough cures with glass with a convex lens
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Pinna
tunnels vibrations into auditory canal
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Auditory canal
secretes wax to protect eardrum carries vibration to ear drum
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Eardrum
vibrates when hit with sound waves
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Ossicles
Transmit and amplify vibrations of eardrums
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Oval window
Vibrations cause fluid to move in cochlea
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Eustachian tube
equalises air pressure on both sides of eardrum
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cochlea
organ of corti which convert fluid movements to nerve impulses
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semi circular canals
3 tubes responsible for maintaining balance aka vestibular apparatus
102
cochlear/ auditory nerve
converts messages from receptors in cochlea to electrical impulses which are sent to the brain
103
vestibular apparatus
detects balance, consists of three semicircular canals - receptors detect whether fluid is level or not
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Glue ear
surplus of sticky fluid in middle ear- mild deafness treated with ear drops or grommets
105
obligate parasites
can only replicate with another host causing it harm- viruses
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bacteriophage
virus that affects a bacterium host
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antibiotic
substance produced by micro organisms that kill bacteria
108
vaccination
administration of non disease causing dose of a pathogen
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hypothesis
an educated guess based on an observation
110
theory
hypothesis supported by many different experiments
111
principle/ law
a theory that has shown to be valid when tested under all conditions over a long period of time
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independent variable
the one variable that is changed or tested
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dependant variable
the effect of changing the independent variable
114
double blind testing
patient and tester are unaware of treatment being recieved
115
limitations of scientific method
lack of basic knowledge
inability to interpret results
116
functions of food
energy
growth of new cells
repair of existing cells
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biomolecules
chemicals made inside a living thing
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monosaccharide
single sugar unit eg. glucose
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disaccharide
double sugar eg. maltose
120
polysaccharide
2 or more sugar units eg. starch, cellulose
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protein test; buiret
blue to purple
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reducing sugar; benedicts
blue to brick red (heated)
123
starch; Iodine
red/yellow to blue/ black
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triglyceride
one glycerol three fatty acids
125
phospholipids
one glycerol, two fatty acids and a phosphate
126
fibrous protein
little/ no folding eg. keratin
127
globular protein
lots of folding eg. egg whites
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no. common amino acids
20
129
prions
proteins that don't fold correctly
130
water soluble
vits C, B
131
fat soluble
vits A D E K
132
Osteoporosis
vit d deficiency
133
scurvy
vit C deficiency
134
importance of water
universal solvent; medium for chemical reactions, transports substances, regulates temperature; slow to heat up and cool down
135
bioprocessing
the use of enzyme controlled substances to create a product
136
bioreactor
vessel/ container in which living cells or their products are used to make a product
137
methods of immobilisation
enclosed in membrane, enclosed in gel, bonded to each other, bonded to inert support
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immobilisation
attached to each other/ inert substance and used repeatedly
139
advantages of immobilised enzymes
cheaper, reusable, increased stability
140
use of immobilised enzymes
sweeten drinks, develop antibodies like penicillan
141
Inhibitors
attach to enzyme & destroy their shape or block their active site
cyanide; inhibits respiration enzymes
antibiotics; inhibit growth pathogenic bacteria
142
denatured enzyme
irreversibly lost its shape& can no longer function
143
ADP
adenosine diphosphate- low energy molecule
143
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
144
NADP+
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
145
ultrastructure of cell
detail of structure seen using an electron microscope
146
seminal vesicles, prostate gland, cowpers gland
produce seminal fluid which is added to sperm to create semen
147
ovary
produces egg and oestrogen and progesterone
148
fallopian tube
transports egg to uterus site of fertilisation
149
uterus
site of implantation, forms placenta
150
cervix
separates vagina from uterus
151
vagina
entry of sperm and exit of baby
152
FSH (menstrual)
stimulates egg development; produced by PG
153
Oestrogen
repairs endo, inhibits FSH causes LH production; produced by graafian follicle
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LH
causes ovulation and GF to corpus luteum
155
Progesterone
maintains endo, inhibits FSH and LH; produced by corpus luteum
156
fibroids
benign tumours of the uterus; unknown cause, surgery or hysterectomy
157
morula
solid ball of cells formed by mitosis
158
blastocyst
fluid filled ball of cells that develops from morula ,has;
trophoblast- placenta
embryo cells- embryo
159
zygote development
zygote-> mitosis-> morula-> blastocyst>embeds in endometrium
160
placenta function
produces progesterone, allows passage of food, oxygen, antibodies
161
ectoderm
skin hair nails nervous system
162
mesoderm
muscles, skeleton, circulatory, respiratory,
163
endoderm
lining of digest, resp, execretory systemsliver pancrease lungs
164
SA node location
wall of right atrium
165
AV node location
wall between ventricals
166
SA node function
sends out electrical impulses that cause atruim to contract
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AV node fuction
electrical impulses cause ventricles to contract
168
tissue
group of similar cells modified to carry out the same function
169
micropropagation
the growth of a large number of plants from a small piece of plant; gow on medium, exact copies produced; produces a large number of mature plants in a short time
170
organs
number of tissues that make one function
171
function of heart
pumps oxygenated blood around body moves co2 from body cells to lungs
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organ systems
organs for function
173
plasma
clotting & antibodies
174
red blood cells
transport oxgen via haemoglobin; mature red blood cells have a concave shape for more surface area
175
haemophilia
inability to reduce blood loss
176
functions of blood
transport- food, hormones, waste, oxygen
defence- monocytes engulf and digest-phagocytosis, lymphocytes produce antiodies
temp- blood circ carries heat
177
alveoli
air sacs at end of bronchioles ; function is gas exchange
