Dental Morphology, and Oral Examination Flashcards
(159 cards)
1
Q
The veterinarian handles advanced dental care such as
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
- Endodontics
- Exodontics
- Orthodontics
- Advanced periodontal therapy
2
Q
COHAT
A
Comprehensive oral assessment and treatment
3
Q
COHAT is performed by ______
A
vet techs
4
Q
The scope of hands on dental involvement for VTs includes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
A
- Performing COHAT
- Debridement
- Polishing
- Intraoperative assistance with dental and oral surgeries
- Taking impressions/making models
- Taking radiographs
- Charting dental lesions
5
Q
consists of techs who have completed a credentials process and passed a specialty exam demonstrating their enhanced knowledge of veterinary dentistry
A
Academy of Veterinary Dental Technicians (AVDT)
6
Q
AVDT
A
Academy of Veterinary Dental Technicians
7
Q
the form and structure of an organism and its parts
A
Morphology
8
Q
Teeth classifications are based on ____ and _____
A
crown and root structure
9
Q
teeth with small distinct crowns, well-developed roots, singular apices, and non-continuous eruption
A
Brachyodont
10
Q
Brachyodont teeth are found in _____, _____, and _____.
A
humans
carnivores
pigs
11
Q
What tooth classification is this? How do you know?
A
Brachyodont - small distinct crowns and well-developed roots
12
Q
teeth with large crowns beneath the gingival margin that continually grow and erupt
A
Hypsodont
13
Q
Hypsodont teeth are found in _____, _____, and _____.
A
horses
rodents
rabbits
14
Q
Hypsodont teeth have two subcategories: ______ and ______
A
Radicular Hypsodont
Aradicular Hypsodont
15
Q
teeth whose apices remain open for much of adult life but eventually close, and rely on eruption to offset occlusive wear
A
Radicular Hypsodont
16
Q
teeth that erupt continuously, which is offset by dental abrasion from chewing a high-fiber diet
A
Aradicular Hypsodont
17
Q
Radicular hypsodont teeth are found in ______
A
equine cheek teeth
18
Q
Aradicular hypsodont teeth are found in ______
A
rodent incisors
19
Q
Aradicular hypsodont teeth are also called ________
A
elodont dentition
20
Q
What tooth classification is this? How do you know?
A
Hypsodont - large crowns beneath the gingival margin
21
Q
animals with two sets of teeth
A
Diphyodonts
22
Q
Most _____ are diphyodonts
A
mammals
23
Q
Deciduous teeth are _____ or _____ teeth
A
primary or baby teeth
24
Q
Permanent teeth are _____ or _____ teeth
A
secondary or adult teeth
25
Which permanent teeth do not have a deciduous counterpart in dogs/cats?
Molars
26
indicates the number of teeth found in one side of the mouth and varies by species
Dental Formula
27
Dogs have ___ deciduous teeth and ___ permanent teeth
28
42
28
Cats have ___ deciduous teeth and ___ permanent teeth
26
30
29
Horses have ___ deciduous teeth and ___ permanent teeth (dependent on presence of _____ or _____ teeth)
24
36 to 44 > depending on presence of canines and wolf teeth
30
What is the dental formula for canine deciduous teeth?
2 x (I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3/3) = 28 teeth
31
What is the dental formula for canine permanent teeth?
2 x (I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/3) = 42 teeth
32
What is the dental formula for feline deciduous teeth?
2 x (I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3/2) = 26 teeth
33
What is the dental formula for feline permanent teeth?
2 x (I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3/2, M 1/1) = 30 teeth
34
What is the dental formula for equine deciduous teeth?
2 x (I 3/3, C 0/0, P 3/3) = 24 teeth
35
What is the dental formula for equine permanent teeth?
2 x (I 3/3, C 1/1 or 0/0, P 3 or 4/3 or 4, M 3/3) = 36 to 44 teeth
36
the most rostral teeth and are used for cutting food
Incisors (I)
37
sharp-pointed teeth used for holding and tearing
Canines (C)
38
Which teeth are also known as the cuspids?
Canines
39
Which teeth are also known as the bicuspids?
Premolars
40
large, flat teeth used to grind food and are located caudally to the canines
Premolars (P)
41
large, flat teeth used to grind food and are the most caudal teeth in the mouth
Molars (M)
42
Which teeth are also known as the cheek teeth?
Premolars and molars
43
acts as a compressor of food and shears forage against lower incisors
Dental Pad
44
directional term referring to the surface or position that is closer to the midline of the dental arch
Mesial
45
directional term referring to the surface or position that is farther from the midline of the dental arch
Distal
46
directional term referring to "toward the root"
Apical
47
directional term referring to "toward the crown"
Coronal
48
directional term referring to the surface or position that is adjacent to the palate
Palatal
49
directional term referring to the surface or position that is adjacent to the cheek
Buccal
50
directional term referring to the area between the roots of multirooted teeth
Interradicular
51
refers to the gap between adjacent teeth
Interdental Space
52
a smooth convex bulge on the palatal side of the gingival third of the incisors and aids in teeth occlusion
Cingulum
53
referring to the gums
Gingival
54
the most commonly used numbering system to reference and chart teeth
Triadan System
55
Triadan System label for permanent teeth in the right maxillary quadrant
100 Series
56
Triadan System label for permanent teeth in the left maxillary quadrant
200 Series
57
Triadan System label for permanent teeth in the left mandibular quadrant
300 Series
58
Triadan System label for permanent teeth in the right mandibular quadrant
400 Series
59
Triadan System label for deciduous teeth in the right maxillary quadrant
500 Series
60
Triadan System label for deciduous teeth in the left maxillary quadrant
600 Series
61
Triadan System label for deciduous teeth in the left mandibular quadrant
700 Series
62
Triadan System label for deciduous teeth in the right mandibular quadrant
800 Series
63
Triadan System starts numbering on _______ and moves ______ along the dental arch
Start on anterior midline and move caudally along the dental arch
64
What is the tip to remember the Triadan System?
"Rule of 4 and 9" = canines will always be 04 and the first molar is always 09
65
the spatial relationship of teeth within the mouth
Occlusion
66
proper tooth alignment in which the incisors come together to closely overlap like blades and allow for maximal function of all teeth with no occlusal trauma
Scissors Occlusion
67
the incorrect alignment of teeth or jaws
Malocclusion
68
the largest shearing teeth of the upper and lower jaws in carnivores and aid significantly in mastication
Carnassial Teeth
69
when the upper jaw is wider than the lower jaw
Anisognathism
70
Which teeth are the carnassial teeth?
Maxillary 4th premolar
Mandibular 1st molar
71
localized, permanent damage to the tooth enamel
Caries (cavity/tooth decay)
72
a condition in which a passageway develops between the mouth and nose due to severe periodontal disease of the maxillary teeth
Oronasal fistula
73
difficulty swallowing
Dysphagia
74
excessive drooling
Ptyalism
75
List some clinical or behavioral signs of oral disease
§ Pawing at the mouth
§ Facial swelling
§ Dropping food
§ Face rubbing
§ Unusual aggression
§ Sneezing or snorting after eating or drinking
§ Difficulty or pain when opening the mouth
§ Anorexia
§ Jaw opening reflex ("chattering" of the lower jaw)
§ Dysphagia
§ Ptyalism
§ Oral bleeding
§ Resenting touch or manipulation of head
76
Number the teeth of this dog
77
Number the teeth of this cat
78
Extraoral examination includes what?
1. Head
2. Face
3. Eyes
4. Ears
5. Neck
79
PROCEDURE - Extraoral Examination
1. Using both hands > palpate
a. Each side of the face, head, and neck > for symmetric comparison
b. Temporal and masseter muscles > for presence of atrophy, enlargement, or pain
c. Ventral, lateral, and medial surfaces of the left and right mandibles > for presence of swelling
2. Visually inspect ears > for discharge, odor, or pain on palpation
3. Visually inspect eyes > for ocular discharge
4. Bilaterally retropulse eyes > for symmetric comparison of depth, firmness, and masses
5. Palpate soft tissue area ventral to the medial canthus > for swelling
6. Palpate right + left mandibular salivary glands beneath skin of ventral neck
7. Palpate mandibular lymph nodes bilaterally > for symmetry and firmness
a. Move fingertips cranially from mandibular salivary glands to locate mandibular lymph nodes
b. Dogs > 0.5-1.5 cm in size
c. Cats > difficult to palpate unless enlarged
8. Evaluate occlusion + note any abnormal teeth positions
9. Note any discrepancies in jaw length, spatial relationships as teeth erupt, and relationships of erupting teeth to soft tissues of opposing jaw
10. Note any deciduous teeth that have not exfoliated by the time their permanent counterpart has erupted
80
Intraoral examination includes what?
1. Oral cavity soft tissues
2. Dental structures
3. Periodontium
81
the supporting structures of teeth
Periodontium
82
rostral 2/3 of the palate
Hard palate
83
caudal 1/3 of the palate
Soft Palate
84
When examining soft tissues, record
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1. Size
2. Shape
3. Color
4. Surface texture
5. Consistency > soft, firm, hard, fluctuant
85
the mucosa that begins at the mucocutaneous junctions and lines the cheeks and lips
Buccal Mucosa
86
the mucosa that lies against the bone of the upper or lower jaw and meets the gingiva at the mucogingival junction
Alveolar Mucosa
87
Describe normal mucosa
Pink or pigmented
No lesions, ulcerations, or swelling
88
painful mucosal ulcerations caused by bacteria in the plaque of the adjacent periodontally diseased teeth
Chronic Ulcerative Paradental Stomatitis (CUPS / Contact Stomatitis)
89
CUPS
Chronic Ulcerative Paradental Stomatitis (Contact Stomatitis)
90
PROCEDURE - Intraoral Examination
1. Observe skin and mucosa > upper and lower lips, cheeks near carnassial and molar teeth, under tongue
2. Observe the parotid and zygomatic salivary duct openings
3. Examine the hard palate > rugae, incisive papilla, space between incisive duct and vomeronasal organ
4. Palpate the the hamular processes of the bilateral pterygoid bones (soft palate)
5. Observe pharynx > for inflammation or neoplasia
6. Observe tongue and tonsils > for change in texture, color, or size
Tongue > dorsal, ventral, lateral surfaces
7. Evaluate teeth and supporting structures
a. Document presence and absence of teeth in each quadrant
b. Evaluate condition of teeth + periodontium > use periodontal probe + dental explorer
91
form when the mucosa adjacent to the carnassial and molar teeth become continually pressed between teeth while eating
Cheek-Chewing Lesions
92
form when the mucosa beneath the tongue becomes continually pressed against the teeth while eating
Tongue-Chewing Lesions
93
Arrow = parotid duct opening
Arrowhead = zygomatic duct opening
94
prominent ridges of palatal mucosa on the hard palate
Rugae
95
a round, slightly raised structure at the midline of the hard palate and is just caudal to the maxillary incisors
Incisive Papilla
96
Incisive Papilla
97
a sensory organ involved in the detection of pheromones and other chemical compounds
Vomeronasal Organ
98
prominent bony structures just lateral to midline of the soft palate
Pterygoid Bones
99
the bilateral folds of the pharyngeal mucosa
Palatoglossal Folds
100
inflammation of the oral cavity near the pharynx
Caudal Stomatitis
101
large, distinctive papillae on the dorsocaudal third of the tongue that are spaced in a curved line separating the body of the tongue from the root
Vallate Papillae
102
a tool used to assess the mobility of teeth, check for the presence of gingival bleeding, and is used as a mini intraoral ruler to measure attachment levels, sulcus and pocket depths, loss of bone in furcation areas, and size of oral lesions
Periodontal Probe
103
the increment of millimeter markings on periodontal probes
Calibration
104
periodontal probes with millimeter increments at 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10 millimeters
Williams' Markings Probes
105
periodontal probes with millimeter markings at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 millimeters
UNC 15 Probe
106
Which type of periodontal probe is best to use on large dogs?
UNC 15
107
periodontal probes with millimeter increments at 3.5, 5.5, 8.5, and 11.5 millimeters that can minimize tissue trauma, but typically result in inexact pocket depth measurements
Probes with Small 0.5 mm Ball at Tip
108
periodontal probes with the narrowest possible working end and have markings starting at 1 millimeter
Michigan "O" Probe with Williams' Markings
109
Which type of periodontal probe is best to use on cats?
Michigan "O" Probe
110
a tool used to explore the topography of the tooth surface, to determine the completeness of treatment after calculus debridement, and to ensure smooth transitions of dental restoratives (fillings)
Dental Explorer
111
a dental explorer most commonly used in vet practices and is often paired with a periodontal probe as a double ended instrument
Shepherd's Hook
112
Shepherd's Hook Dental Explorer
113
a dental explorer with a 2-mm tip that is bent at a 90º angle from the shank
Tufts #17
114
the stretching of the gingiva away from the tooth
Tissue Distention
115
Tufts #17 Dental Explorer
116
a dental explorer with curvature of the long shank and the working end
Curved 11/12 ODU
117
Curved 11/12 ODU Dental Explorer
118
What is the ideal dental explorer for vet medicine?
Curved 11/12 ODU
119
2A Pigtail Dental Explorer
120
Dental explorers can detect
1.
2.
3.
4.
1. Caries
2. Feline resorption
3. Calculus deposits
4. Pulp exposure
121
Dental explorers are held with a ______ grasp
modified pen grasp
122
tool handling technique used to facilitate good fingertip tactile sensitivity, precise control of instrument's working end, and decrease the risk of trauma to tissues
Modified Pen Grasp
123
Which finger rests on an oral structure using a modified pen grasp
Ring Finger
124
the portion of the instrument that connects the handle with the working end
Shank
125
the part of the shank that extends from the handle to the working end
Functional Shank
126
the part of the shank that is closest to the working end
Terminal Shank
127
128
PROCEDURE - Assessing the Teeth and Periodontium
1. Evaluate for excessive tooth mobility - Place probe tip against tooth tip > gently try to move tooth in buccolingual direction > estimate movement on a scale of 1, 2, or 3
2. Evaluate gingiva characteristics - Color, shape, texture, consistency
3. Evaluate sulcus depth - Gently insert probe into sulcus parallel to long axis of root + side of probe tip in contact with tooth > feel for resistance at base of the pocket + note marking level on probe adjacent to gingival margin > "walk" probe around entire tooth circumference in 1-2 mm high + 1-2 mm wide "steps"
4. Evaluate attachment level - Use probe to determine if any increased pocket depth is caused by hyperplasia or attachment loss
5. Evaluate for any bone loss in multirooted teeth - Hold tip of probe perpendicular to the long axis of the tooth > drag tip horizontally across a root > dip into the furcation area > continue to adjacent root > note depth of penetration into furcation area
6. Evaluate hard structures of the tooth - Use dental explorer when you notice any chips, fractures, pulp exposure, or abnormal wear pattern of abrasion or attrition
7. Evaluate for dental caries - Use explorer to gently check for demineralization in pits/fissures of occlusal surfaces of maxillary 1st/2nd molars + distal half of mandibular 1st molar > drag sharp point horizontally across cervical portion of each tooth > take care to distinguish between:
a) Resorptive lesions vs normal concavities
b) Pulp exposure vs tertiary dentin
129
Tooth Mobility Index: M0
Physiologic mobility up to 0.2 mm
130
Tooth Mobility Index: M1
Mobility increased in any direction other than axial over 0.2 mm and up to 0.5 mm
131
Tooth Mobility Index: M2
Mobility increased in any direction other than axial over 0.5 mm and up to 1.0 mm
132
Tooth Mobility Index: M3
Mobility increased in any direction other than axial over 1.0 mm or any axial movement
133
movement along the long axis of the tooth
Axial (Vertical) Movement
134
Describe normal gingiva characteristics
Pink
Stippled > orange peel appearance
Firm
Tapered to a thin margin
Scalloped to follow contour of CEJ + underlying bone
135
CEJ
cementoenamel junction
136
What is the normal sulcus/pocket depth for a dog?
> 3 mm
137
What is the normal sulcus/pocket depth for a cat?
> 1 mm
138
The appropriate gravity of pressure when delivering probing forces is ____ to ____
10-20
139
measurement from the bottom of the pocket to the cementoenamel junction
Attachment Level/Loss
140
when the height of the free gingival margin migrates apically toward or beyond the CEJ
Gingival Recession
141
when the height of the free gingival margin migrates coronally
Gingival Hyperplasia
142
Increased pocket depth can be caused by _______ or ________
attachment loss OR hyperplasia
143
the boundary where the enamel of the tooth meets the cementum
Cementoenamel Junction (CEJ)
144
the layer of bonelike material that covers the root of the tooth and is softer than dentine or enamel
Cementum
145
the terminal edge of the gums that surrounds the teeth
Free Gingival Margin
146
How is bone loss assessed in teeth with bifurcations?
Assess from the buccal and lingual-palatal surfaces
147
How is bone loss assessed in teeth with trifurcations?
Assess between each of the 3 roots
148
Furcation Classification Index: Periodontal probe extends less than halfway under the crown in any direction of a multirooted tooth with attachment loss
F1
149
Furcation Classification Index: Periodontal probe extends more than halfway under the crown of a multirooted tooth with attachment loss but not through and through
F2
150
Furcation Classification Index: Periodontal probe extends under the crown of a multirooted tooth, through and through from one side of the furcation out the other
F3
151
tooth wear associated with aggressive chewing on external objects such as toys, rocks, and ice cubes
Abrasions
152
tooth wear associated with tooth-to-tooth contact over time
Attrition
153
the result from demineralization of enamel and dentin caused by acids produced by certain oral bacteria
Dental Caries
154
If dental explorer tip "catches" on edge of a concavity, it's a _____.
feline resorptive lesion
155
If dental explorer tip freely moved out of a concavity, it's a _____.
normal concavity
156
The brown dot in the center of a worn or fractured tooth could be ______ or ______.
pulp or tertiary dentin
157
If dental explorer tip "falls into" the brown dot of a worn or fractured tooth, it's ______.
pulp exposure
158
If dental explorer tip glides over the brown dot of a worn or fractured tooth, it's ______.
tertiary dentin
159
