Depression Flashcards
(26 cards)
What is the prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in children?
Approximately 2%
The prevalence of MDD increases to 4%–8% in adolescents.
What is the male to female ratio for depression during childhood?
1:1
This ratio changes to 1:2 during adolescence.
How does the risk for depression change after puberty?
Increases by a factor of two to four, particularly in females.
What is the cumulative prevalence of depression by age 18 in community samples?
Approximately 20%.
What is the prevalence of depressive disorders (DD) in children according to epidemiological studies?
0.6%–1.7%
In adolescents, the prevalence is 1.6%–8.0%.
What percentage of youth with depressive disorders have other psychiatric disorders?
40%–90%.
What are the most frequent comorbid diagnoses in youth with depressive disorders?
- Anxiety disorders
- Disruptive disorders
- ADHD
- Substance use disorders (in adolescents)
What is the heritability range of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?
40%–60%.
Which factors are related to the development and maintenance of depressive symptoms?
- Parental history of psychiatric illness
- Prior history of depression
- Subsyndromal depressive symptoms
- Other psychiatric disorders
- Medical illnesses
- Medications
- Sociocultural factors
What relationship has been observed between inflammatory cytokines and depression?
Growing evidence suggests a relationship, although the direction of causality is unclear.
Which brain region shows altered response in relation to depressive symptoms?
Ventral striatum.
What is implicated in the difficulty that depressed youth have in managing negative emotional responses?
Altered connectivity from the prefrontal cortex to the limbic system.
What strategies can help prevent the onset or recurrence of depression?
- Amelioration of risk factors
- Addressing subsyndromal symptoms
- Treating underlying psychiatric disorders
- Managing stressful situations
- Addressing parental psychopathology
What is the median duration of a major depressive episode in clinically referred youth?
About 8 months.
What is the median duration of a major depressive episode in community samples?
About 1–2 months.
What is the probability of recurrence of depression after 1–2 years following remission?
20%–60%.
What percentage of depressed youth develop bipolar disorder?
20%–40%.
What indicators may suggest a high risk of developing bipolar disorder?
- Psychotic depression
- Family history of depression
- Pharmacologically induced mania or hypomania
What is the mean episode length of depressive disorder in clinical and community samples?
Approximately 3–4 years.
What makes it difficult to differentiate unipolar major depression from bipolar disorder?
The first episode of depression.
What symptoms may herald the development of bipolar disorder?
- High family loading for bipolar disorder
- Subclinical symptoms of mania/hypomania
- Severe mood lability
- Anxiety
What defines a ‘Response’ in the context of depressive symptoms?
No symptoms or a significant reduction in depressive symptoms for at least 2 weeks.
What is the definition of ‘Remission’ in depressive disorders?
A period of at least 2 weeks and less than 2 months with no or very few depressive symptoms.
What does ‘Recovery’ mean in the context of depression?
Absence of significant symptoms of depression for 2 months.
