Depression and bipolar disorder

Question 1

what can features of depression negatively impact

Answer 1

• Ability to work
• Interpersonal functioning including relationships
  -Systems and income

Question 2

what does depression reflect according to clinical guidelines

Answer 2

a heterogenous group disorders

Question 3

what can increase risks of depression

Answer 3

social circumstances e.g. poverty

Question 4

what is required for diagnostic criteria to be valid

Answer 4

a change from previous functioning

Question 5

Diagnostic criteria for depression

Answer 5

WALLFST
-feeling Worthless
-Appetite
-Low mood
Low energy
Fidget (psychomotor agitation)
Sleep disruption
Thoughts of death

Question 6

Prevalence of depression in adults (UK)

Answer 6

5-7%

Question 7

how much more likely are young people to experience depression

Answer 7

young adults = 3 times more likely than those over 60

Question 8

male to female reported symptoms

Answer 8

1.5- 3 times higher for females than males

Question 9

what is the approximate lifetime prevalence for depression

Answer 9

18%

Question 10

Biological risk factors of depression

Answer 10

Genetics
Regulatory dysfunction

Question 11

psychological risk factors of depression

Answer 11

• Cognitive schema
• Information processing Rumination (dwelling/overthinking)
  Pessimism

Question 12

social risk factors of depression

Answer 12

attachment
trauma/loss
relationship difficulties
social support

Question 13

outline the three factors involved in Beck’s cognitive theory of depression

Answer 13

Negative views of oneself
Negative views of the environment
Negative view of the future

Question 14

Outline the cognitive behavioural maintenance cycle

Answer 14

Feeling depressed/negative thoughts
withdrawal from activity
reductions in positive rewards from engaging in activities
self reinforcement

Question 15

Recommended treatments for depression

Answer 15

• Low or high intensity psychological therapy
• Medication
• Combined treatments
• Electroconvulsive therapy as last resort

Question 16

how prevalent are the use of antidepressants in the UK

Answer 16

17% of UK population

Question 17

Name the three commonly used antidepressants

Answer 17

Selective serotonin reputable inhibitors (SSRIs)
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)

Question 18

Define a manic episode

Answer 18

Distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased goal-directed activity or energy, lasting at least 1 week

Question 19

symptoms of manic episodes

Answer 19

Inflated self esteem
Decreased need for sleep
More talkative and easily distracted
Racing thoughts
Excessive involvement in risk taking activities

Question 20

what is a hypomanic state

Answer 20

Lasts at least 4 consecutive days
Displays 3 symptoms assessed in manic episodes
The disturbance is observable by others
does not cause marked impairment

Question 21

Diagnostic criteria for Bipolar 1 disorder

Answer 21

At least one manic episode has occurred, major depressive episodes are typical but not required to meet diagnostic criteria

Question 22

Diagnostic criteria for bipolar 2 disorder

Answer 22

Individual has experience at least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode

Question 23

what is cyclothymic disorder

Answer 23

Hypomanic and depressive symptoms are experienced for at least 2 years but which don’t meet criteria for hypomanic episode or MDE

Question 24

what is the lifetime prevalence of bipolar in the UK

Answer 24

1.7%

Question 25

what factors are associated with developing bipolar

Answer 25

family history
brain anatomy
psychosocial stressors

Question 26

treatments for bipolar

Answer 26

• combinations of medications and therapy
• mood stabilisers/antipsychotics
  -CBT