Psychoanalytic and humanistic approaches

Question 1

Name 4 psychoanalysts

Answer 1

Sigmund Freud
Alfred Adler
Carl Jung
Karen Horney

Question 2

what was Freud influenced by

Answer 2

Conservation of energy (physics)
Hypnosis as a treatment for hysteria

Question 3

what did Freud conclude from his research

Answer 3

examining brain anatomy could not explain mental disorders

Question 4

What is the conscious

Answer 4

Thoughts that we’re aware of at any given moment

Question 5

what is the preconscious

Answer 5

Thoughts that we can become easily aware of e.g., date of birth

Question 6

what is the unconscious

Answer 6

Content that we’re unaware of or can only become aware of in certain situations

Question 7

what is the id

Answer 7

Seeks release of unconscious and primal needs and desires (food, sex, etc.)
not concerned with social or moral rules

Question 8

what is the pleasure principle

Answer 8

the id - immediate gratification

Question 9

what is the superego

Answer 9

• Controls moral/rule-bound behaviour, including ideals and ethics

Question 10

The ego

Answer 10

Balances id’s urges with superego’s constraints
logical and rational

Question 11

what is the reality principle

Answer 11

ego - long term gratification

Question 12

what is psychosexual development

Answer 12

• Occurs in stages
  At each stages sexual energy is focused on different targets
  If stuck at one stage, conflicts can occur and leave an imprint on adult personality

Question 13

Oral stage

Answer 13

Focus on oral pleasure (e.g. feeding, thumb sucking)
0-2 years

Question 14

anal stage

Answer 14

Tension between pleasure (release) from toileting and social pressure to delay
2-3 years

Question 15

Phallic stage

Answer 15

Focus on genitals; realisation of physical male/female differences leads to psychological gender differentiation
Oedipus/Electra complexes
4-5 years

Question 16

latency stage

Answer 16

child represses sexuality and channels energy into social and intellectual pursuits
6 years until puberty

Question 17

genital stage

Answer 17

Sexual and aggressive drives return
Seeks pleasure through sexual contact with others

Question 18

what is fixation

Answer 18

Too much/too little gratification can cause fixation at that stage, and adults may regress to this stage under conditions of stress

Question 19

oral fixation behaviour

Answer 19

Eating, drinking, smoking to excess

Question 20

oral fixation personality

Answer 20

Demanding, impatient, envious,

Question 21

anal fixation behaviour

Answer 21

Rigid organisation (anal retentive) vs
carelessness (anal expulsive)

Question 22

anal fixation personality

Answer 22

rigid and perfectionistic
messy & disorganised

Question 23

phallic fixation behaviour

Answer 23

Seductive & flirtatious, promiscuous

Question 24

phallic fixation personality

Answer 24

Male: exhibitionistic, vain, aggressive
Female: naïve, seductive/ submissive

Question 25

latent fixation behaviour

Answer 25

Asexual, disengaged, lacks close friends

Question 26

latent fixation personality

Answer 26

Immaturity; inability to form deep and lasting adult relationships

Question 27

what did Carl Jung believe about Freud

Answer 27

Believed Freud over-emphasised sexuality

Question 28

what did Carl Jung focus on

Answer 28

dual aspects of the personality: private self vs. persona presented to others Therapy should help the expression of the unconscious: an ally, not an enemy

Question 29

where does the collective unconscious come from

Answer 29

Plato's Meno soul is immortal All knowledge is kept within the soul We forget everything at birth due to trauma

Question 30

What did Alfred Adler believe

Answer 30

- People consciously strive to improve lives - Relationships shape individuals - so desire contributes to society

Question 31

what did Freud believe about women

Answer 31

any problems with women were due to hysteria

Question 32

What did Karen Horney believe

Answer 32

Women more likely to envy men’s status, power and freedom than their penises Women are socialised into gender roles, not ‘destined’ to fulfil them by biology or psychology

Question 33

what does humanistic psychology place an emphasis on

Answer 33

- Emphasis on present rather than past or future

Question 34

what is the self according to humanists

Answer 34

- organised pattern of perceptions, consciously available

Question 35

what did Maslow criticise

Answer 35

psychology's focus on maladaptive behaviour - a need to focus on thriving

Question 36

what is the hierarchy of needs

Answer 36

begins with basic needs like animals humans broadly evolve through the stages towards self actualisation

Question 37

name one of Maslow's examples of self actualisation

Answer 37

Einstein - able to perceive reality and make sense of the unknown

Question 38

What is flow

Answer 38

occur when people are engaged in self-actualising activities Loss of sense of time and self-consciousness

Question 39

what did Carl Rogers

Answer 39

Focused on person-focused therapy Worked in international conflict resolution

Question 40

what does person centred therapy do

Answer 40

Involves creating a proper relationship with clients Reflection - Helping clients understand their personality