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Procesos fisiopatológicos > Desórdenes del crecimiento, diferenciación y morfogénesis celular > Flashcards

Desórdenes del crecimiento, diferenciación y morfogénesis celular Flashcards

1
Q

What is Growth, differentiation and morphogenesis ?

A

Proceso en el que una single cell, fertilized ovum se desarrolla a un large complex multicellular organism

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2
Q

What is the increase in size resulting from synthesis of specific tissue components

A

Growth

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3
Q

What are the 4 types of growth in a tissue ?

A

Multiplicative –> increase in number of cells (or nuclei) by mitotic cell divisions. (embryogenesis)

Auxentic –> increased size
(growing skeletal muscle)

Accretionary –> increase in intercellular tissue components. (bone and cartilage)

Combined patterns of multiplicative: Auxetic + accretionary growth. (embryological development).

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4
Q

Proceso en el que la célula se desarrolla a una función distintiva especializada y morfológica (fenotipo)

A

Diferenciación

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5
Q

Cuando se restringue el potencial de diferenciación ?

A

posterior a la embriogenesis

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6
Q

Proceso del desarrollo estructural y forma de los componentes de los órganos, extremidades, expresiones faciales. occurs coordinated growth and differentiation → to remove unwanted features.

A

Morfogénesis

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7
Q

Como se le conoce a las celulas non proliferative ?

A

“quiescent”

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8
Q

Qué es lo que permite que las celulas/tejidos destruidos por daño sean reemplazadas por celulas funcionalmente identicas?

A

regeneración

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9
Q

La presencia de celulas madre dentro de un tejido gobierna la habilidad regenerativa de un tejido. Cuales son los tipos de tejido de acuerdo a su capacidad regenerativo ?

A

Labil → profleración cont. postnatal. Periodo de vida corto y alto recambio. More susceptible to toxic effects of radiation or drugs.

Estable → Dividen infrecuentemente en condiciones normales, pero las células madre se estimulan a dividir cuando muchas células se pierden.

Permanentes → Se dividen normalmente solo en el perido fetal. No se reemplazan cuando se pierden.

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10
Q

Ejemplo de labile cells?

A

Haemopoietic cells of bone marrow,
lymphoid cells.
Epithelial cells of the skin, mouth, pharynx, esophagus, the gut, exocrine gland ducts, the cervix and vagina (epitelio plano), endometrium, urinary tract (transitional epithelium)

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11
Q

Ejemplo de stable cells ?

A

Cells of the liver, endocrine glands, bone, fibrous tissue and the renal tubules.

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12
Q

Ejemplo de permanent cell”

A

neurones

eye, cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle (have very limited capacity for regeneration)

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13
Q

Dentro del ciclo celular, cuales son las fases en las que hay un proceso de preparación de síntesis de ADN ?

A

G1 y G2

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14
Q

Fase del ciclo celular que es donde hay división celular e incluye mitosis y cytokinesis ?

A

M phase - mitosis

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15
Q

Fase del ciclo celular en el que ocurre la preparación de síntesis de ADN ?

A

S

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16
Q

dentro del ciclo celular, como se le conoce a la fase en la que las celulas estan en un periodo “quiescent” o “descanso”?

A

G0

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17
Q

Como se le conoce a la familia de proteinas que regulan el ciclo celular (checkpoints) y activan a las proteinas diana ppor medio de fosforilización?

A

Cyclin - dependent kinases (CDKs)

** Activity of CDKs is regulated by a second family of proteins, the cyclins.

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18
Q

Como ocuure la transción de una fase a otra en el ciclo celular ?

A

Transitions from one phase to another from the cycle (regulan CDKs) are initiated by rises of specific cyclins. ↑ Cycle D → transition from G0 to G1.

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19
Q

Qué ocurre cuando hay problemas en el ciclo celular ?

A

Result in rises in CDK inhibitors (CSKIs) → prevents CDK from triggering the next phase until the issue is resolved.

20
Q

Qué puede ocurrir cuando hay daño en los genes de las proteinas que regulan el ciclo celular ?

A

Cancer

21
Q

Duration of the individual phases of the cycle is remarkably constant
Qué es lo que cambia, para que cambie la duración de cada ciclo celular?

A

la duración en G0 entre divisiones.

22
Q

Therapeutic interruption of the cell cycle, tratamiento disponible para cancer cells ?

A

Many drugs affect particular phases w/the cell cycle → inhibit rapid division of cancer cells.

23
Q

Diferencia entre apotosis y necrosis ?

A

Apoptosis → programmed sequence of intracellular events that leads to the removal of cells without the release of products harmful to surrounding cells.
- Ocurre en sigle cells
- ingested by neighbouring cell

Necrosis → unintended cell death in response to cellular injury. Cells swells and lysis.
- occure en gpos de cells.
- phagocytosed by neutrophil polymorphs and macrophages.

24
Q

La apoptosis es regulada por factores intrinsecos y extrinsecos. Cuales son ?

A

Intrinsecos: DNA damage or failure to conduct cell division correctly.

Extrinsecos: detachment from the extracellular matrix, withdrawal of growth factors, specific signals from other cells.

25
Q

Inhibidores e inducers para la apoptosis ?

A

Inhibitors -
Growth factors
extracellular cell matrix
sex steroids
viral proteins

Inhibitors -
Growth factors
extracellular cell matrix
sex steroids
viral proteins

26
Q

In the intrisic pathway of apoptosis, se inicia por alteración en los pro and anti apoptosis. cuales son pro y anti ?

A

Bcl -2 family - inhibits many factors that induce apoptosis

Bax dimers → enhance apoptosis stimuli.

**Ratio of Bcl - 2 to Bax determines the cell’s susceptibility to apoptotic stimuli, determines whether a cell will survive

27
Q

In the extrinsic pathway se activa la apoptosis por la unión a ciertos ligandos en la superficie celular. Estos cuales son ?

A

tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) gene family (Ex. TNFR1 and Fas (CD95)).

**Ligand binding at these receptors promotes → initiation of a signal transduction cascade resulting → activation of caspases.

28
Q

Activation of apoptosis x intrinsic or extrinsic pathway → results in cascade of activation of caspases.

Qué son las caspasas ?

A

proteases (inactive procaspase mol)

***Activation of caspase 8 → cleaves other pro-caspases → produce active executioner → causes degradation of many targets including the cytoskeletal framework and nuclear proteins.
Caspase - 3 → activates DNAse which fragments DNA → nucleus shrinks (pyknosis) and fragments (karyorrhexis) → cell shrinks, retaining an intact plasma membrane → induce phagocytosis. (not phagocytosed fragments → turn into apoptotic bodies).

29
Q

Función de apoptosis durante el desarrollo embrionario?

A

is responsible for alterations in tissue from shape

**Failure of apoptosis is a factor in development of syndactyly (webbed fingers), cleft palate, spina bifida and bladder diverticulum (pouch) or fistula (open connection).

30
Q

process whereby a cell develops an over-specialised function that was not present in the parent cell.

A

Differentiation

31
Q

establishment of correctly located populations of cells with different phenotypes.
Acomodar las celulas de acuerdo a su fenotipo

A

Morphogenesis

** It requires mechanisms to signal the direction of differentiation.

32
Q

Qué controla la diferenciación en el periodo embrionario ?

A

genes (transcription (principal mecanismo regulador) transport, translation, epigenetic, metilación (gen bloqueado) /acetilación (se puede leer))

systemic homones

position within the fetus

local growth factors

matrix proteins.

**Maintenance of differentiated state depends upon the persistence of these factors.

33
Q

Muchos organos tienen distintas poblaciones celulares que se originan separadamente, pero luego interactuan. El patron de diferenciación que es controlado por otra célula se conoce como …

A

inducción

34
Q

There are dif stem cell types w/dif potential for differentiation. Cuales son ?

A
  • totipotent - able to form ALL CELLS OF THE EMBRYO AND PLACENTA. (Ex. zygote)
  • Pluripotent → produce almost all cells derived from the endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm. (Ex. Embryonic stem cells derived from early blastocyst)
  • Multipotent or unipotent stem cells - capable of generating only a small number of cell types or only one cell type. (Ex. Must individual tissues have)
35
Q

Qué determina la habilidad de un tejido de regenerarse ?

A

The presence/absence of tissue stem cells

36
Q

A differentiated state must be maintained, como se logra ?

A

Epigenetic changes regulating gene expression

Interactions w/adjacent cells - secreted by paracrine factors.

secreted factors (autocrine factors) - including growth factors and extracellular matrix.

37
Q

Qué son los “modulations”?

A

Minor changes that occur if the local environment changes. Cambios en el estado de diferenciación.

Ex of “modulations”: alteration in synthesis of certain liver enzymes in response to circulating corticosteroids.

38
Q

Cuales pueden ser la respuesta a un incremento de demanda funcional en un tejido en cuanto a tamaño ?

A

Hipertrofia (aumento de tamaño, s/replicación)

Hiperplasia (incremento de células por división)

Ambos

39
Q

Qué es la disminución del tamaño de un órgano o célula por la reducción en el numero celular y/o tamaño, usualmente por mecanismos que involucran apoptosis ?

A

Atrofia

40
Q

Qué es el fallo en lograr un tamaño o forma normal de un órgano en la morfogénesis ?

A

hipoplasia

41
Q

Qué es la transformación de un tipo celular diferenciado a otro ?
Ocurre en el contexto de alteraciones del ambiente celular (daño crónico)

A

Metaplasia

42
Q

Falla en el desarrollo de un órgano o estructura

A

agenesis/aplasia

43
Q

falla de desarrollo de un lumen en una estructura normalmente tubular

A

atresia

44
Q

falla de la diferenciación normal de un órgano o persistencia de estructuras embriológicas primitivas

A

Maldiferenciación/disgenesis

45
Q

Desarrollo de tejido maduro en un sitio inadecuado

A

ectopia/heterotopia

Procesos fisiopatológicos (10 decks)

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