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DETERMINISTIC EFFECTS OF RADIATION Flashcards

1
Q

What are the kinds of acute radiation lethality?

A 
Prodromal Period
Latent Period
Manifest Illness
LD 50/60
Mean Survival Time
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2
Q

What are the different hematologic effects?

A

Hematopoietic System

Hematopoietic Cell Survival

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3
Q

Whats the anatomic site and threshold dose of death?

A 
Whole Body
2 Gy (200 rad)
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4
Q

Whats the anatomic site and threshold dose of hematologic depression?

A 
Whole Body
250 mGy (25 rad)
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5
Q

Whats the anatomic site and threshold dose of Skin Erythema?

A 
Small Field
2 Gy (200 rad)
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6
Q

Whats the anatomic site and threshold dose of Epilation?

A 
Small Field
3 Gy (300 rad)
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7
Q

Whats the anatomic site and threshold dose of Chromosome Aberration?

A 
Whole Body
50 mGy (25 rad)
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8
Q

Whats the anatomic site and threshold dose of Gonadal Dysfunction?

A 
Local Tissue
100 mGy (10 rad)
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9
Q

ARE THOSE THAT EXHIBIT INCREASING SENSITIVITY WITH INCREASING RADIATION DOSE.

A

Deterministic Radiation Response

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10
Q

Whats the dose-response relationship in deterministic radiation response?

A

Non-linear

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11
Q

TO PRODUCE A RADIATION RESPONSE IN HUMANS WITHIN A FEW DAYS TO MONTHS, THE DOSE MUST BE SUBSTANTIAL. SUCH RESPONSE IS CALLED A

A

EARLY EFFECT OF RADIATION EXPOSURE

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12
Q

EARLY X-RAY PIONEERS DIED FROM THE STOCHASTIC EFFECTS OF X-RAY EXPOSURE.

A

Acute Radiation Lethality

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13
Q

What relationship does acute radiation lethality follow?

A

NON-LINEAR, THRESHOLD DOSE-RESPONSE

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14
Q

This is the immediate response of radiation sickness

A

Prodromal Period

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15
Q

Prodromal Period consists of what symptoms?

A

acute clinical symptoms

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16
Q

What is the required radiation dose delivered to the total body for signs and symptoms to appear in prodromal period?

A

above approx 1 GY (100 rad)

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17
Q

How long do the signs and symptoms appear in prodromal period?

A

within minutes to hours

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18
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of prodromal period?

A

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

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19
Q

Aside from nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea

A

leukopenia - reduction in white blood cells

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20
Q

How long can the prodromal period last?

A

few hours to a couple days

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21
Q

IT IS THE TIME AFTER EXPOSURE DURING WHICH THERE IS NO SIGN OF RADIATION SICKNESS

A

Latent period

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22
Q

IN THE LATENT PERIOD, AFTER THE PERIOD OF INITIAL RADIATION SICKNESS, A PERIOD OF ________OCCURS

A

Apparent well being

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23
Q

Whats the common mistake of the latent period?

A

IS SOMETIMES MISTAKENLY THOUGHT TO INDICATE AN EARLY RECOVERY FROM A MODERATE RADIATION DOSE

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24
Q

What is acute radiation syndrome?

A

SEQUENCE OF EVENTS THAT FOLLOW HIGH-LEVEL RADIATION EXPOSURE LEADING TO DEATH WITHIN DAYS OR WEEKS

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25
How many syndromes does acute radiation syndrome have?
3 separate syndromes
26
What are the 3 syndromes of acute radiation syndrome?
HEMATOLOGIC DEATH GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) DEATH CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) DEATH
27
Its radiation dose in in the range of approx 2 Gy to 10 Gy
Hematologic Syndrome
28
What does the patient feel during hematologic syndrome and how long does it usually occur?
Mild symptoms of prodromal syndrome which may appear in a matter of few hours and may persist fro several days.
29
It is characterized by reduction in white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets.
Hematologic Syndrome
30
How long does the latent period last in hematologic syndrome?
4 weeks
31
If the dose is not lethal in hematologic syndrome, recovery can begin when?
2-4 weeks
32
Its radiation dose in in the range of approx 10 Gy to 50 Gy
Gastrointestinal Syndrome
33
What symptoms occur in the gastrointestinal syndrome?
PRODROMAL SYMPTOMS OF VOMITING AND DIARRHEA OCCUR WITHIN HOURS OF EXPOSURE AND PERSIST FOR HOURS TO AS LONG AS A DAY
34
How long is the latent period of gastrointestinal syndrome
3-5 days
35
How does GI syndrome manifest illness?
2NDWAVE OF. NAUSEA AND VOMITING FOLLOWED BY DIARRHEA; ANOREXIA AND LETHARGIC
36
GI death occurs principally because of what?
Because of the severe damage to the cells lining the intestines
37
When does death occure in GI Syndrome?
4-10 days of exposure
38
CNS SYNDROME has a radiation does in excess of approx?
50 GY
39
What happens during the first few minutes of exposure during the CNS syndrome?
SEVERE NAUSEA AND VOMITING BEGINS, USUALLY WITHIN A FEW MINUTES
40
What happens during the initial onset of the CNS syndrome?
THE PATIENT MAY BECOME EXTREMELY NERVOUS AND CONFUSED, MAY DESCRIBE A BURNING SENSATION IN THE SKIN, MAY LOSE VISION, AND CAN EVEN LOSE CONSCIOUSNESS WITHIN THE FIRST HOUR
41
Latent period of CNS syndrome?
LAST UP TO 12 HOURS
42
What is the manifest period of CNS syndrome?
MORE DISORIENTED, LOSE MUSCLE COORDINATION, DYSPNEA, MAY GO INTOCONVULSIVE SEIZURES, EXPERIENCES LOSS OF EQUILIBRIUM, ATAXIA, AND LETHARGY; LAPSES INTO A COMA
43
Death period of CNS syndrome?
within matter of hours to days
44
What's the ultimate cause of death in CNS syndrome?
ELEVATED FLUID CONTENT IN THE BRAIN.
45
THIS IS THE DOSE OF RADIATION TO THE WHOLE BODY THAT CAUSES 50% OF IRRADIATION SUBJECTS TO DIE WITHIN 60 DAYS.
LD 50/60
46
What does mean survival time mean?
AS THE WHOLE-BODY RADIATION DOSE INCREASES, THE AVERAGE TIME BETWEEN EXPOSURE AND DEATH DECREASES
47
What is Local Tissue Damage
WHEN ONLY PART OF THE BODY IS IRRADIATED, IN CONTRAST TO WHOLE-BODY IRRADIATION, A HIGHER DOSE IS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE A RESPONSE
48
What are the examples of local tissue that can be affected immediately?
Skin Gonads (testes and ovaries) Bone Marrow
49
What relationship does local tissue damage follow?
non-linear threshold-type dose response relationship
50
How often do the cell linings of the intestines are replaced?
50% everyday
51
How often are the skin cells replaced?
2% per day
52
Which cell layer is the most sensitive?
Basal Cell Layer
53
Basal cell layer are also called as?
Stem Cells
54
Effects on the skin of radiation follows a what type of relationship?
NONLINEAR, THRESHOLD DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP.
55
2 types of effects of the skin caused by radiation?
Erythema | Desquamation
56
What is epilation?
Loss of Hair
57
What are the critically important target organs?
Human Gonads
58
Human gonads control what?
Fertility and heredity
59
Which is which? Spermatogonia Sperm Stem cell Mature Cell
Spermatogonia - stem cell Sperm - mature cell
60
What approximate dose can reduce the number of the spermatozoa?
10 rad
61
Dose of Temporary infertility
200 rad
62
Dose of Permanent infertility
500 rad
63
What is the side note when a male patient's gonads are exposed to 10 rad?
Patient should refrain from procreation for 2 to 4 months.
64
What is the side note when a male patient's gonads are exposed to 200 rad?
Commences approx. 2 months after irradiation and persists up to 12 months.
65
What is the side note when a male patient's gonads are exposed to 500 rad?
The male patient normally retains his ability to engage in sexual intercourse
66
Which is which? Oogonia Ovum Stem cell Mature Cell
Oogonia - stem cell | Ovum - mature cell
67
What is the approximate dose needed for a female to have a delay in their menstrual period?
10 rad
68
What's the dose required for temporary infertility in females?
200 rad
69
What the dose required for permanent infertility in femalse?
500 rad
70
What's the LD for humans?
3.5
71
When were the radiologic technologists required to have a routine blood exam?
1920s and 1930s
72
What was included in the examination taken?
- total cell counts | - white blood cell differential count
73
What consists of the hematopoeitic system?
bone marrow circulating system lymphoid tissue
74
what are lymphoid tissues?
ARE THE LYMPH NODES, SPLEEN, AND THYMUS -PRINCIPAL EFFECT OF RADIATION IS A DEPRESSED NUMBER OF BLOOD CELLS IN THE PERIPHERAL CIRCULATION.
75
What do the spleen and thymus manufacture?
Lymphocyte
76
In the child the bone marrow is distributed how?
uniformly throughout the skeleton
77
In an adult, the active bone marrow is responsible for what?
Producing circulating cells is restricted to flat bones
78
Role and lifetime of erythrocytes?
RED BLOOD CELLS THAT ARE TRANSPORTATION AGENTS FOR OXYGEN. LIFETIME OF NEARLY 4 MONTHS
79
Role and lifetime of granulocytes?
SCAVENGER TYPE OF CELLS USED TO FIGHT BACTERIA. LIFETIME ONLY A COUPLE OF DAYS
80
Role and lifetime of Lymphocytes?
THOSE INVOLVED IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE. LIFETIME VARIES (HOURS OR YEARS)
81
Role and lifetime of Thrombocytes?
ALSO CALLED AS PLATELETS AND INVOLVED IN THE CLOTTING OF BLOOD TO PREVENT HEMORRHAGE. LIFETIME OF APPROX. 1 WEEK.
82
In the hematopoietic cell survial, the principal response is?
DECREASE IN NUMBER OF ALL TYPES OF BLOOD CELLS IN THE CIRCULATION PERIPHERAL BLOOD.
83
What are the most radiosensitive cells in the body?
Lymphocytes | Spermatogonia
84
What is cytogenetics
STUDY OF THE GENETICS OF CELLS, PARTICULARLY CELL CHROMOSOMES.
85
What forms do a damage chromosome take?
Chromatid Deletion Dicentric Chromosome Abberation Reciprocal Translocations
86
When was the human genome mapped?
2000
87
What is the human genome all about?
IT IS NOW POSSIBLE TO PERFORM MOLECULAR GENETIC COUNSELING AND ADVISE PATIENTS OF THEIR RISK FOR BREAST CANCER, OTHER CANCERS, AND OTHER HEALTH RISKS

RADBIO (7 decks)

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