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RADBIO > STOCHASTIC EFFECTS OF RADIATION > Flashcards

STOCHASTIC EFFECTS OF RADIATION Flashcards

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1
Q

principal stochastic effects of low-dose radiation over long periods
consists of

A

RADIATION-INDUCED MALIGNANCY and GENETIC EFFECTS.

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2
Q

Radiation Protection guidelines are based on what?

A

suspected or observed

stochastic effects of radiation

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3
Q

What threshold dose does stochastic effects have?

A

Linear, Nonthreshold

Dose-Response Relationship.

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4
Q

Stochastic effects of radiation exposure exhibit an increasing incidence of _____ and not ______

A

response, severity

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5
Q

Stochastic effects has effects on what local tissues?

A

skin
chromosomes
cataracts

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6
Q

OCCUPATIONAL DOSE LIMIT OF SKIN AND EXTERMITIES

A

500 mSv/yr

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7
Q

public dose of the skin

A

50 mSv/yr

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8
Q

the integumentary system’s response to ionizing radiation

exposure. Effects can range from erythematous rash to desquamation and necrosis.

A

RADIODERMATITIS

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9
Q

personnel monitoring of the skin?

A

Ring Badges

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10
Q

Personnel radiation protective equipment of the skin

A

lead gown, lead gloves

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11
Q

In addition to the deterministic effects of erythema and desquamation and late developing carcinoma, chronic irradiation of the skin can result

A

in severe

nonmalignant changes

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12
Q

What’s the deterministic response of radiation to chromosomes?

A

Irradiation of blood-forming organs can produce

HEMATOLOGIC DEPRESSION

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13
Q

What’s the stochastic response of radiation to chromosomes?

A

Irradiation of blood-forming organs can produce LEUKEMIA

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14
Q

What is both a deterministic and stochastic response of chromosomes to radiation?

A

Chromosome damage in the circulating lymphocytes

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15
Q

Even a ______ of radiation can produce chromosome
aberrations that may not be apparent until many years
after radiation exposure

A

low dose

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16
Q

what is a cataract?

A

an opacity of the eye lens, develops due to aging

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17
Q

Radiosensitivity of the lens of the eye is _______

A

age-dependent

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18
Q

As the age of the individual
_____, the radiation effect becomes _____,
and the latent period becomes _____.

A

increases, greater, shorter

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19
Q

what’s the dose response relationship of radiation to cataracts?

A

Non-linear,

threshold

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20
Q

Personnel radiation protective equipment for cataracts

A

Lead goggles

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21
Q

Dose limit of rad workers for cataracts

A

150 mSv/yr

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22
Q

Dose limit of public for cataracts

A

15 mSv/yr

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23
Q

Experiments conducted on animals showed what relationship?

A

Linear, nonthreshold

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24
Q

Humans can expect a reduced life span of

approximately _____for every _____

A

10 days, 10 mGy

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25
What's the most life-shortening condition and how many expected days can be lost from it?
being a male rather than a female, 2800
26
What's the least life-shortening condition and how many expected days can be lost from it?
airplane crashes, 1
27
being a radiation worker can lose how many days
12
28
All the stochastic effects, including radiationinduced malignancy, have been observed in what?
experimental animals
29
cancer of the body's blood-forming tissues, including the bone marrow and the lymphatic system.
leukemia
30
dose-response relationship of leukemia?
linear, no-threshold
31
Leukemia is considered to have a latent | period of _____ and an at risk period of approx. ______
4-7 yrs, 20 yrs
32
What does ABCC mean?
Atomic Bomb Casualty | Commission
33
ABCC is now known as?
Radiation Effects Research | Foundation (RERF).
34
_____ and _____ were | observed most often among atomic bomb survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Acute Leukemia and Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia
35
What is ankylosing spondylitis?
an arthritis-like | condition of the vertebral column.
36
What are the other radiation induced cancers?
``` Thyroid CA Bone CA Skin CA Breast CA Lung CA Liver CA ```
37
were treated shortly after birth for thymic enlargement
Ann Arbor Series (1940s) and the Rochester Series (1950s)
38
a gland lying just | below the thyroid gland that can enlarge shortly after birth in response to infection
Thymus
39
How would you treat a thymus enlargement?
Radiation was often the | treatment of choice 5 Gy (500 rad)
40
21 children were subjected to high levels of radioactive fall out during a hydrogen bomb test .
Rongelap Atoll (1954)
41
In the Rongelap Atoll, children received radiation doses to the thyroid gland from both external exposure and internal ingestion of approx ____
12 Gy
42
various small laboratories hired employees, most often female, who worked at benches painting watch dials with paint laden with radium sulfate
RADIUM WATCH -DIAL PAINTERS | 1920s and 1930s
43
These were used because the emitted radiation, principally alpha and beta particles, would continuously excite the luminous compounds so the watch would glow in the dark
Radium Salts
44
When radium salts are ingested, what happens?
the radium would behave metabolically similar to calcium and deposit in bone
45
Bones receive up to what doses of radiation?
500 Gy
46
``` Skin Cancer induced in radiotherapy recipients treated with Orthovoltage (_________) or Superficial X-rays (______). ```
200-300 kVp | 50-150 kVP
47
Radiation-Induced skin | cancer follows a what relationship
threshold-dose response
48
Year in which concern surfaced after reports were published of breast cancer developing in patients with tuberculosis.
1960s
49
When and who were 50% of the workers died of lung ca?
20th century & Bohemian Pitchblende Mines of Germany workers
50
exposure from ____ in the mines contributed to the incidence of lung cancer in these miners.
Radon
51
Thorotrast is also known as?
Thorium Dioxide (ThO2)
52
Thorotrast is a contrast agent for what?
angiography
53
contained several | radioisotopes of thorium and its decay products
thorotrast
54
Radiation that was emitted produced a dose in the ratio of | approx. _____
100:1:1 Alpha, Beta, Gamma
55
Latent period of thorotrast?
15-20 yrs
56
What is an extravascular injection?
carcinogenic at the site of the injection.
57
What does the BEIR in BEIR committee mean?
Biologic Effects of Ionizing Radiation
58
what does the BEIR Committee do?
Reviews the data on stochastic effects of low-dose, low-LET radiation
59
The Beir committee stated that less than ____ may not be harmful.
10 mGy
60
Radiation before pregnancy can cause what?
interrupted fetility
61
Radiation during pregnancy can cause what?
congenital effects
62
Radiation after pregnancy can cause what?
suspected genetic effects

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