RADBIOLOGY (CELLS)

Question 1

study of the effect of ionizing radiation

Answer 1

Radiobiology

Question 2

what are molecules

Answer 2

they are atoms of various elements combined together

Question 3

what are the 6 levels of organization?

Answer 3

Chemical Level
Cell Level
Tissue Level
Organ Level
Organ Systems Level
Organism Level

Question 4

Define Compound

Answer 4

Any quantity of one type of molecule; elements that are combined together

Question 5

Whats the formula for the principle quantum no?

Answer 5

2 (n)^2

Question 6

How do you know an atom is stable?

Answer 6

When there is an equal no. of protons and electrons

Question 7

How many electrons can the most outer shell contain?

Answer 7

8

Question 8

What are the 2 kinds of compounds?

Answer 8

Covalent & Ionic

Question 9

Define Covalent C.

Answer 9

Covalent C. share one or more pairs of electrons

Question 10

Define ionic c

Answer 10

Ionic C are held together by the force of attraction between opposite charges

Question 11

Who and when was the word cell coined

Answer 11

ROBERT HOOKE, 1665

Question 12

Who and when described the first living cell using a microscope

Answer 12

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK, 1673

Question 13

Who are the authors of cell theory

Answer 13

SCHWANN & SCHNEIDER, 1838

Question 14

What are the different cell parts?

Answer 14

Cell
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Nuclear Membrane
Ribosomes
Lysosomes
ER
Mitochondria
Golgi Bodies

Question 15

What is a cell?

Answer 15

Building block of all organisms, comes from pre-existing cells

Question 16

It makes bulk of the cell and contains great quantities of all molecular components

Answer 16

Cytoplasm

Question 17

What is a portion of the cytoplasm?

Answer 17

Cytosol

Question 18

What is the cytosol?

Answer 18

site of many chemical reactions required for the cell’s existence

Question 19

What is the mitochondria?

Answer 19

Bean-like structure; where molecules are digested to produce energy for the cell; engine of the cell

Question 20

What is the ER?

Answer 20

Series of channels that allows the nucleus to communicate w/ the cytoplasm

Question 21

These are small dot-like structures and where the protein-synthesis take place

Answer 21

RIBOSOMES

Question 22

These are pea-like sacs that are capable of digesting cellular fragments & sometimes the cell itself

Answer 22

LYSOSOMES

Question 23

Principal Molecular component that carries DNA

Answer 23

NUCLEUS

Question 24

What are the highest and lowest atomic composition of the body and by how much?

Answer 24

H 60%

Other Trace elements 0.8%

Question 25

What are the highest and lowest tissue composition of the body?

Answer 25

Muscle 43% | Skin 3%

Question 26

What happens if molecular synthesis is damaged?

Answer 26

Cell may malfunction and die

Question 27

What is protein synthesis?

Answer 27

contains a molecular code that identifies w/c proteins the cell will make

Question 28

What are macromolecules?

Answer 28

Very large molecules

Question 29

What is an organic mole.

Answer 29

life supporting and contain carbon (carbs, lipids, proteins)

Question 30

One of the rarest mole. and considered to be the most critical & radiosensitive target mole.

Answer 30

NUCLEIC ACID

Question 31

2 kinds of metabolism

Answer 31

Catabolism | Anabolism

Question 32

Define Cata. and Ana

Answer 32

CATA - breaking down into small units of macromole. Ana - build muscle mass

Question 33

Types of macromolecules

Answer 33

Proteins, Lipids, Carbs, Nucleic Acid

Question 34

Makes up 15% of the body and is a long chain of macromole connected by peptide bonds

Answer 34

Proteins

Question 35

Mass of protein

Answer 35

``` 50% C 20% O 17% N 7% H 6% other elements ```

Question 36

Roles of Proteins

Answer 36

Provide structure and support Function as enzymes Function as hormones Function as antibodies

Question 37

Composed solely of C,H,O and are present in all tissues of the body

Answer 37

Lipids (Fats)

Question 38

What are the 2 smaller molecules of Lipids?

Answer 38

Glycerol and Fatty acid

Question 39

Similarity of Carbs to lipids

Answer 39

Composed solely of C,H,O but structured differently

Question 40

Role of Lipids

Answer 40

Serve as thermal insulator from the environment | serve as fuel by providing energy storage

Question 41

Roles of carbs

Answer 41

serve as fuel for metabolism | provide shape and stability into the structure of cells and tissues

Question 42

What are nucleic acid?

Answer 42

v. large & extremely complex macromole. made up of DNA & RNA

Question 43

Where are DNA & RNA located?

Answer 43

DNA - nucleus | RNA- principally in the cytoplasm but can also be found in the nucleus

Question 44

What is cell proliferation?

Answer 44

single cell / group of cells to reproduce & multiply in nos.

Question 45

2 kinds of cells

Answer 45

SOMATIC -tissue cells | GENETIC - oogonium & spermatogonium

Question 46

2 kinds of cell division

Answer 46

Mitosis and Meiosis

Question 47

Difference between MITOSIS & MEIOSIS

Answer 47

MITOSIS - undergoes 1 cell division - only has 2 phases of cell division (Inter, M) - produces 2 daughter cells - only somatic cells undergo this process MEIOSIS - undergoes 2 cell divisons - has 3 phases of cell division (Inter, M1, M2) - produces 4 daughter cells - only genetic cells undergo this process

Question 48

Process of Mitosis

Answer 48

``` A. Interphase -G1 - Synthesis -G2 B. Mitosis -Prophase -Metaphase -Anaphase -Telophase ```

Question 49

Process of Meiosis

Answer 49

A. Interphase (G1, Synthesis, G2) B. Meiosis I (PMAT 1) C. Meiosis 2 (PMAT 2)

Question 50

What is the dna synthesis phase where the dna is replicated into 2?

Answer 50

Synthesis phase

Question 51

How many chromosomes do we start with meiosis?

Answer 51

23 chromosomes

Question 52

Why is the s phase in meiosis not as relevant as it is in mitosis?

Answer 52

it is because there is no dna replication happening in meiosis