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development Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

development psychologist

A

study how our behaviors and thought change over our lives from birth to death (maturation)

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2
Q

cross sectional studies

A

a number of people of diffrent ages are assesd at one point in time and diffrences are noted

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3
Q

longitudinal study

A

asses the same participants multiple times over a lengthy period

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4
Q

Nature vs nurture

A

nature-refers to a persons biological inheritances especially his or her genes
nurture-refers to the individuals environmental and social experiences

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5
Q

maturation

A

a stage of completion of growth and strengthening of acquired mental, social and emotional development

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6
Q

zygote

A

a fertilized egg a single cell with 23 chromosomes from the mother and 23 from the father

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7
Q

embryo

A

organ formation

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8
Q

fetus

A

An unborn offspring that develops and grows inside the uterus

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9
Q

teratogen

A

any agent that causes a birth defect

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10
Q

fetal alchol syndrome (FAS)

A

physical abnormalities and cognitive deficiencies

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11
Q

rooting reflex

A

touch baby’s cheek

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12
Q

stucking reflex

A

infants tendency to suck on things that touch its lips

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13
Q

grasping reflex

A

an involuntary grasping by an individual of anything that touches the palm

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14
Q

moro reflex

A

activated when support for the neck and head is suddenly removed the arms of the infant are thrust outwards and then appear to grasp onto something

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15
Q

babinski reflex

A

stroke bottom of
foot causes toes to splay

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16
Q

schema

A

a mental concept or frame workthat organizes information and provides a structure for interperting it

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17
Q

assimilation

A

occurs when individuals incorporate new information into existing knowledge

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18
Q

accommodation

A

occurs when individuals adjust thier schema to new information

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19
Q

jean piaget

A

actively construct thier cognitive world as they go through a series of stages

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20
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

birth 2 years of age coordinating sensory experiences

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21
Q

object permanence

A

understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot directly be seen heard or touched

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22
Q

preoperational stages

A

2-7 years of age child begins to represent the world with woed and images

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23
Q

egocentric

A

the tendency to emphasize ones own needs concerns and outcomes rather than those of other

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24
Q

animism

A

the inanimate objects have thoughts and feelings

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25
concerete operational stage
child can now reason logically about complex relationships between different characteristic of objects
26
conservation
objects remain the same even when thier shape changes
27
formal operational stage
the adolosent reasons in more abstract idealistic and logical ways
28
lev vygotsky
believed that social interaction plays a critical role in children learning
29
social development theory
Stages of grief Elisabeth Kubler-Ross Coming to terms with terminal illness/ grieving
30
zone of proximal development
the range between the developed level of abilit the child displays
31
fluid intelligence
those abilities requiring speed or rapid learning
32
crytallized intelligence
learned knowledge and skills such as vocabulary
33
temperament
a persons chracteristics way if responding emotionally
34
imprinting
anykinds of phase sensitive learning that is rapid and apperently independent of sequences of behavior
35
infant attachemtn
the class emotional bond between and infant and its caregiver
36
mary ainsworth
the primary guardian leaves a child with a stranger and then returns
37
secure attachement
the ways that infants use thier caregiver as a secure base from which to expolre the enviormen
38
avoidant attachment
the child is inhibited in the presence other primary caregiver and may pretend to not be distressed when he or she leaves even thought they are stressed
39
ANxious ambivalent attachment
the child may have stormy relationships with the primary caregiver is distressed when they leave and has difficulty being conselld when they leave
40
harry harlow attachement reasearch
rhesus monkey infants need comfort and secrutiy as much as food
41
eriksons thoery of socioemotional development
stages (8) theory of development (Adopted freuds theories) -personality was profoundly influenced by our experiences with others -- each stage centers around a specific social conflict
42
trust vs mistrust
the firs of eriksons eigh stages of psyhco social development between birth and 18 months of age
43
automony vs shames and doubt
second stage of Erick Erikson theory of psychosocial development
44
industry vs inferiority
fouth stage in which children enter into the greater society beyond the family for the first time
45
identity v role confusion
Fifth stage adolescents need freedom to choose but not so much freedom that they connot in fact make achuite
46
Intimacy v isolation
18- 40 -sixith stage of erik Eriksons theory of psychological development
47
generativity vs stagnation
-- Generativity vs. Stagnation -- 40’s and 50’s -- Be productive in BOTH career and home life -- Change or identity or those around us
48
Integrity vs. despair
-- 60’s-? -- Evaluation of their lives -- Accepting your successes and your failures -- wisdom or bitterness
49
Authoritarian parenting:
--Strict standards and punishments --Be obedient with little rational for why --Children usually distrust others and are withdrawn from peers
50
Authoritative parenting:
--Consistent standards but standards are reasonable and explained --Encourages the child to be independent but not passed rules --Praise as often as punish --Most desirable parenting style --Children tend to be socially capable and better in school
51
Permissive parenting:
--Placing few limits on the child’s behavior --No clear guidelines not enforced --Children typically have emotional control problems and are more dependent
52
Kohlberg’s Theory: Moral development:
focuses on how children develop morality and moral reasoning
53
Preconventional level-
7-10 years No internalization Moral decisions based on fear of punishment Stage 1- avoid punishment and receiving rewards(fear) Stage 2- focus on individualism and exchange- work for their own interest and strike deals with others to satisfy the other person-
54
Conventional level 10-16
yrs Intermediate Internalization- internalizing society’s rules and morals- obey rules because of moral and societal obligations Knowing it’s “the right thing to do” Stage 3-live up to what others expect of them Stage 4- develop a conscience
55
Post conventional level
16 on Stage 5-Social Contract or Utility and Individual rights Individuals reason that values, rights, and principles transcend the law Stage 6-Universal ethical principles of justice The person has developed moral judgments that are based on universal human rights. When faced with a dilemma between law and conscience, a personal, individualized conscience is followed Few reach this stage
56
Gender identity:
the awareness that they are boys or girls by age 3 a person's perception of having a particular gender, which may or may not correspond with their birth sex.
57
Gender typing:
acquisition of sex-related roles is the process by which a child becomes aware of their gender and thus behaves accordingly by adopting values and attributes of members of the sex that they identify as their own.
58
Gender role:
set of expected behaviors for males and females
59
gender schema theory
The theory that children learn from their cultures a (mental) concept of what it means to be male and female and they adjust their behavior accordingly.
60
gender-typing
the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

ap psych (12 decks)

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