Development

Question 1

Freud’s Psychosexual Development (5 Stages)

Answer 1

Oral (0–1 yr)
Anal (1–3 yrs)
Phallic (3–6 yrs)
Latency (6–12 yrs)
Genital (12+ yrs)

Mnemonic: “Old Aged PhD Love Grapes”

Question 2

Piaget’s Stage Model of Cognitive Development (4 Stages)

Answer 2

Sensorimotor
Pre-operational
Concrete operational
Formal operational

Mnemonic: Some People Can Fly

Question 3

Sensorimotor Stage- Who? What age? What characteristics?

Answer 3

Piaget

Birth- 2

Development of:
-Object permanence (things exisit even when we cant see– result is sep anx/strange anx)
Symbolic representational thought (words represent things e.g. chair)

Question 4

Preoperational Stage- Who? What age? What characteristics?

Answer 4

Piaget

2-7

Transductive reasoning (causal relations e.g. events that occur together in time thought to be causally connected)
magical thinking, animism, Egocentric
Irreversibility (mentally undo something)
Centration (focused on one thing cant see others, separtion of coins ex)
Intuitive thinking (rather than logical)

Question 5

Concrete Operational Stage- Who? What age? What characteristics?

Answer 5

Piaget

7-11

Capacity to conserve because you can reverse and decenter
transitivity,
Hierarchical classification
Logical thinking w/ concrete

Question 6

Formal Operational Stage- Who? What age? What characteristics?

Answer 6

Piaget

12 +, or never

ability to abstract
hypothetical-deductive reasoning
propositional thought
metacognitive
adolescent egocentrism w/ imagery audience and personal fable

Question 7

Piaget’s Stage Model of Moral Development

Answer 7

Development is linked to cognitive development:

H = Heteronomous = Hard Rules (unchangeable, authority-made) 5-10 yrs

A = Autonomous = Adjustable Rules (negotiated, intention matters) 10 on

“H.A. Rules” (like “Haha, Rules!”)

Question 8

Kohlberg’s Moral Development

Answer 8

Pre-Cooked Pasta

Preconventional
Conventional
Postconventional

Question 9

pre conventional

Answer 9

kolhberg moral development
birth-10

punishment and obedience (punishment), instrumental hedonistic (reward)

Question 10

conventional

Answer 10

kolhberg moral development

early adolescences/adulthood

“good boy-good girl” (approval), law and order

Question 11

post conventional

Answer 11

kolhberg moral development

adulthood or never

social contract and individual rights, universal ethical principles

Question 12

Bronfenbrenner’s Model

Answer 12

Bronfenbrenner’s Model
Microsystem: Everyday environment person encounters, bidirectional relationship between parents, friends, etc.
Mesosystem: Link between various microsystems such as the home and school, work and friends, etc
Exosystem: Relationship between 2 or more settings, but one doesn’t have the person but indirectly affects them (e.g., moms work may indirectly affect child)
Macrosystem: Very large system/economy/religion/culture
Chronosystem: The role of the passage of time in one’s life, e.g., birth of sibling, going to war, etc.

Question 13

Erikson’s Stages Psychosocial Stages/Crisis

Answer 13

Trust vs Mistrust

Autonomy vs Shame and doubt

Initiative vs Guilt

Industry vs Inferiority

Identity vs Role confusion

Intimacy vs Isolation

Generativity vs Stagnation

Integrity vs Despair

Question 14

Trust vs Mistrust

Answer 14

(1st year); Virtue= ‘Hope’

Question 15

Autonomy vs shame and doubt

Answer 15

(1-3) Virtue= “Will”

Question 16

Initiative vs. guilt

Answer 16

(3-5/6) Virtue= “Purpose”

Question 17

Industry vs Inferiority

Answer 17

(5/6-12) Virtue= “Competence”

Question 18

Indentity vs Role Confusion

Answer 18

(12-18) Virtue= “Fidelity”

Question 19

Intimacy vs isolation

Answer 19

(18-35) Virtue= “Love”

Question 20

Generatively vs stagnation

Answer 20

(35-60) Virtue= “Care”

Question 21

Integrity vs Dispair

Answer 21

(60+) Virtue= “Wisdom”

Question 22

Marget Mahler Psychosocial Development- what are the stages and in what order

Answer 22

Processes of separation (physically distancing) and individuation

1. Normal autism
2. Symbiosis
3. Differentiation
4. Practicing
5. Rapproachment
6. Object Constancy

Question 23

Avoidant Attachment Style

Answer 23

Do not seek closeness and contact with mother, rarely cry when leaves room, ignore on return.

Caregiver may be aloof/distant or intrusive and overstimulating

Question 24

Ambivalent Attachment Style

Answer 24

clingy and upset when mother leaves, happy when return but they show ambiv by resisting mothers comfort behavior

Caregivers may be inconsistent and insensitive

Question 25

Disorganized-Disoriented Attachment Style

Answer 25

no clear strategy, may be unresponsive upon return, exhibit fear/confusion. Associated with abuse of infant or unresolved abuse issues of caretaker.

Question 26

Identity Formation: Identity Achievement

Answer 26

actively explored options and then developed own goals/values-- resolved crisis and made a commitment

Question 27

Identity Formation: Foreclosure

Answer 27

committed to a goal without exploring alternatives, tends to accept a ready-made identity chosen by authority figure. absence of crisis, yet a commitment has been made

Question 28

Identity Formation: Moratorium

Answer 28

not yet made a definite commitment and in active process of struggling with decisions, and exploring interests in crisis with an absences of commitment

Question 29

Identity Formation: Identity Diffusion

Answer 29

lacks direction, not committed to goals and not considering options or trying to develop goals both crisis and commitment are absent

Question 30

1. Normal autism 2. Symbiosis 3. Differentiation 4. Practicing 5. Rapproachment 6. Object Constancy

Answer 30

1. Normal autism 2. Symbiosis- baby/mother one 3. Differentiation- stranger anx results 4. Practicing- separation anx results 5. Rapproachment- need for mother to share new skills, and love 6. Object Constancy- maintain image of mother when not there

Question 31

Stages of Gender Role Development

Answer 31

1. Gender Role (begin at birth) 2. Gender Identity (18 months, achieved by 3) 3. Gender Constancy (obtained by 5/6)