DEVELOPMENT

Question 1

what is qualitative progress in development?

Answer 1

-Abrupt changes in stages, moving from one stage to the next

Question 2

what is quantitative progress in development?

Answer 2

-Gradual, continual change throughout development.

Question 3

What are the key questions in developmental psychology?

Answer 3

Qualitative or Quantitative?

Nature or Nurture?

Question 4

What are some early genetic disruptions?

Answer 4

• Intellectual disabilities
• Delays in motor development
• Increased risk for a range of health problems
• affects 1-691 babies

Question 5

What is tetragen?

Answer 5

Environmental agents that can interfere with healthy fetal development (Lead, mercury, carbon monoxide, pesticides.)

Question 6

What are some factors that can cause early disruptions in the prenatal environment?

Answer 6

Alcohol –> Fetal alcohol syndrome
Smoke –> ADHD
Influenza virus –> Severe mental illness.

Question 7

What are some prenatal - postnatal continuity notes to make?

Answer 7

• Drinking during pregnancy increases the chances offspring will enjoy alcohol
• Foods consumed prenatally are preferred postnatally
• Newborns show a preference for mothers voice, not fathers.

Question 8

What are the early capabilities of a newborn child?

Answer 8

• Reflexes: Automatic movements triggered by specific types of sensory stimulation.
• Limited control over their eye, head, and facial movements.
• Will turn their heads in the direction of human voices and gaze longer at drawings of the face like images (8-12 inches away)

Question 9

What do we know about Imitation in newborns?

Answer 9

• newborns Imitate faces

- Infants seem to seek out others and do as they do

Question 10

What is the novelty?

Answer 10

Newborns show interest in new stimuli

Question 11

What is Habituation?

Answer 11

• A form of learning

- Infants become less responsive that have undergone habituation, typically because of a new stimulus.

Question 12

What is Dishabituation?

Answer 12

The recovery of a response that has undergone habituation, typically because of a new stimulus.

Question 13

What is motor development? and what do we know about it?

Answer 13

• The ability to coordinate and perform bodily movements.
• Motor skills emerge in sequence from the head to the feet
• Motor skills emerge from the center of the body outward.
• Huge variation in pace development.

Question 14

What are the different types of crawling?

Answer 14

• Creeping on the belly
• “Army style”
• Scooting on the bottom propelled by one leg.

Question 15

What do we know about Cognitive development?

Answer 15

-Changes in all of the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Question 16

What are Piaget’s stages of development?

Answer 16

Sensorimotor stage (Birth - 2yrs)

• Knowledge through senses and actions.
• No symbols or language
• No object permanence

Preoperational Stage (2 to 7)

• Symbols, simple object classification (color, shape)
• Struggle to see situations from multiple perspectives or imagine how situations can change.

Concrete Operational change (7-12)

• Can use multiple perspectives and imagination to solve complex problems.
• Can apply this thinking to concrete objects or events.

Formal Operational Stage (12 years and up)
-Adolescents can reason about abstract problems and hypothetical propositions.

Question 17

What is object permanence?

Answer 17

• The awareness that objects continue to exist even when out of sight.
• Understanding of natural laws develops gradually over the first two years.

Question 18

What are some critiques of Jean Piaget’s stages of development?

Answer 18

• Underestimates children’s abilities
• Oversimplifies the process of cognitive development
• Cognitive development is more continuous and less stage-like.

Question 19

What is the biology behind development?

Answer 19

• Neural proliferation: The creation of new synaptic connections.
• Synaptic pouring: The trimming back of unnecessary synapses according to a “use it or lose it”
• Myelin of axons: The process of insulating axons in Myelin, which speeds their conduct and allows information to move more rapidly through the brain and body.
• Development doesn’t happen evenly
• Sensory areas of the brain mature fastest
• Frontal loves mature more slowly

Question 20

What is our early social and emotional understanding?

Answer 20

• Infants seek out human faces and respond to the faces they see.
• Infants between four and seven months of age can tell difference between happy, sad, and angry facial and vocal expressions.

Question 21

What is social referencing?

Answer 21

Using other facial expressions for information about how to react to a situation.

Question 22

What do we know about attachment?

Answer 22

• First social relationship is with the primary caregiver.
• Refers to the strong, enduring, emotional bond between an infant and a caregiver.
• Imprinting: Attaching to the first moving object an organism sees.

Question 23

What did Harry Harlow say about attachment?

Answer 23

• Researchers originally thought human infants teach to those who provide food.
• Study of infant monkeys and cloth vs. Wire mothers.

Question 24

What did John Bowlby say about attachment?

Answer 24

-Comfort, not nutrition, is crucial for human attachment.

Caregiver: Secure base.

Question 25

What are Mary Ainsworth's three attachment styles? | and what test did she create?

Answer 25

-Secure attachment -Insecure attachment insecure/Avoidant attachment Secure/Ambivalent attachment she created the Strange situation test.

Question 26

What do Securely attached infants grow to be?

Answer 26

- More socially appealing - More socially skilled - more successful in mastering the language and other challenging tasks - Show fewer behavioral problems. - Be less likely to develop childhood anxiety disorders.

Question 27

What is temperament?

Answer 27

A person's characteristic patterns of emotion and behaviors that are evident from an early age and argued to be genetically determined.

Question 28

What is irritable temperament and what is it associated with?

Answer 28

- Frequently upset, Difficult to soothe, a precursor to neuroticism. - Associated with a higher likelihood of developing insecure attachment.

Question 29

What is symbolic representation?

Answer 29

- The use of words, sounds, gestures, visual images, or objects to stand for other things. - Symbolic schemas - Language - Imaginative play

Question 30

What is Egocentrism?

Answer 30

-Difficulty the preoperational children have thinking about how objects or situations are perceived by other people.

Question 31

What is the Theory of mind?

Answer 31

-Understanding that we and other people have different minds that represent the world in different ways, and that this knowledge can explain and predict how others will behave.

Question 32

What was Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural view of development?

Answer 32

Cognitive development through social interaction with knowledgeable others.

Question 33

What is scaffolding?

Answer 33

- Promoting cognitive development by actively challenging and supporting children as they attempt things are beyond current capabilities.

Question 34

What are the different parenting styles?

Answer 34

1. Authoritative 2. Authoritarian 3. Permissive 4. Disengaged

Question 35

What is puberty?

Answer 35

- The period of sexual maturation during which males and females become capable of reproduction - Age 11 for girls, age 13 for boys. - Individual differences in timing - Early puberty associated with struggles in girls but not boys.

Question 36

What do we know about adolescence and the brain?

Answer 36

- Burst of synaptic growth just before puberty - Followed by a second wave of synaptic pruning - Myelin increases - The limbic system changes more rapidly than the prefrontal cortex develops --> TROUBLE. - Moody, Emotional, world-ending when something not right HAHA.

Question 37

What are Kohlberg's levels of moral reasoning?

Answer 37

Preconventional stage- Moral judgments are based on self-interest, such as reward and punishment. - Conventional stage- Moral judgments are based on caring for others and upholding social roles and rules. - POSTCONVENTIONAL Stage- Moral judgments are based on ideals and broad moral principles.

Question 38

What did Erik Erikson say about identity?

Answer 38

- Stages of social development across. lifespan. - Each stage has a developmental task, and a potential psychosocial crisis. - Adolescent stage: Identity vs. Role confusion. *Finding love and engaging in meaningful work are the two tasks of adulthood.

Question 39

What is a social clock?

Answer 39

A set of norms that govern the typical timing of life milestones like marriage, parenthood, and retirement. *Deviations from the social clock can lead to considerable stress.

Question 40

How does generativity contribute to the world?

Answer 40

- More positive emotions - Greater satisfaction with life and work. - Individual differences in timing and strength of desire.

Question 41

What negative things can come from parenthood?

Answer 41

- May decrease well-being, marital satisfaction, and life satisfaction. - Women are less happy than men as parents

Question 42

What positive things can come from parenthood?

Answer 42

- Happiness - Positive emotion - Sense of meaning in life

Question 43

What are the physical disadvantages of getting older?

Answer 43

- REDUCED: - Reaction time - Sensory Acuity - Muscle and bone -strength - Cardiac output * Some aspects of this decline are preventable.

Question 44

What do we know about late adulthood: Fertility in women?

Answer 44

- Fertility ends for women around age 50. | - Menopause: The natural end of menstruation, occurring in the middle adulthood.

Question 45

What do we know about late adulthood: Fertility in men?

Answer 45

- Men show a drop in fertility on average between the ages of 35 and 40. - Less dramatic than womens decline - most men maintain some level of fertility for their entire lives.

Question 46

What do we know about late adulthood cognition?

Answer 46

- Most intellectual abilities get worse. - Crystalized intelligence gets better - Risk of disorders of cognitive decline (Alzheimers diesease)

Question 47

What are some key predictors of later-life physical and cognitive health?

Answer 47

- Exercise - More intellectual, leisure, and social activities - Effication and complex jobs - Healthy diets (Antioxidants, vitamins, Omega-3 Fatty acids)