PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS Flashcards
(44 cards)
What is the evolution of diagnostic classification? (AXIS)
DSM 3-5
AXIS 1- Clinical disorders
AXIS 2- Personality Disorders, Mental retardation
AXIS 3- General medical conditions
AXIS 4- Psychosocial and environmental problems and stressors.
AXIS 5- Global assessment of functioning (GAF Scale).
What are some key changes in the DSM 5?
- Addition of dimensions (1/10 example like you can still have depression if you have only 4 symptoms) strength of depression varies.
- AXIS 1, 2, AND 3 combined into a single axis.
- Reorganization of some disorders.
- NO MOOD DISORDERS CATEGORY.
What defines a disorder?
-DISTRESS
What defining features are most obvious in depression and anxiety?
- Maladaptiveness (not adjusting or performing well in your environment)
- Irrationality (Doing something that’s not rational)
- Unpredictability
- Unconventionality and statistical rarity
- Observer discomfort (When people act in ways that make us uncomfortable)
- Violation of moral and ideal standards.
How was “nonsuicidal self-injury disorder” established in the DSM5?
- Members from mood disorders and child/adolescent disorders workgroups.
- Advisors with particular expertise in NSSI.
- Lots of email and phone discussions.
- discussed the separateness of self-harming from other disorders.
- Clinical significance
- Threshold
- Defining characteristics
- Differentiation from other behaviors/disorders.
What are the “Diagnostic Labels” benefits?
- Improves communication between treatment professionals
- Improves basic and applied (treatment) research
- Reduces confusion for individuals with a puzzling set of symptoms.
What are the “Diagnostic Labels” Drawbacks?
- Can create stigma/Prejudice/Bias
- Can affect self-perceptions
- Can imply that psychological disorders are fixed and enduring
- Can focus on research on the wrong constructs.
How can we reduce stigma/bias/prejudice?
-Celebrities disclosing psychological disorders.
-Health professionals disclosing psychological disorders.
-Changing our language.
“A person with schizophrenia VS A Schizophrenic”
What is the Diathesis-Stress model of psychological disorders?
Diathesis - Genetic susceptibility
Stress - Environmental stressors
DIATHESIS + STRESS = PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER.
What are the different types of DSM Anxiety disorders?
- Specific phobias
- Social anxiety disorder (Social phobia)
- Panic disorder and agoraphobia
- Generalized anxiety disorder
What do we know about specific Phobias?
- A marked fear of or anxiety about a particular object or situation.
- Elaborate strategies to avoid the phobic object
- The lifetime prevalence of any kind of phobia is 13%
- Women are twice as likely as men to have a specific phobia.
What do we know about Social Anxiety Disorder? (Social phobia)
- An anxiety disorder characterized by an extreme fear of being watched, evaluated, and judged by others.
- Typically emerges in childhood or adolescence and places a person at increased risk for depression and substance abuse.
- A lifetime prevalence 13%
- Women and Men are affected equally.
What do we know about panic disorder?
- You have a panic disorder when panic attacks become frequent and planned around.
- panic attack - intense physical symptoms, can feel like dying.
What do we know about Agoraphobia?
- Fear of public places
- Just wanna stay home
- Fear of panic attacks in public
What do we know about generalized anxiety disorder?
- Worry is difficult to control
- Muscle tension, Elevated heart rate, breathing difficulty
- Minimum of 6 months
- Lifetime prevalence: 6 percent
- Twice as common in women as men
What do we know about Obsessive-compulsive disorder? (OCD)
- Used to be considered an anxiety disorder
- Obsessions: Unwanted and disturbing thoughts
- Compulsions: Ritualistic actions performed to control the obsessions.
- Many Subtypes (Contamination, checking, just right, etc.)
What do we know about Post Traumatic Stress Disorder?
- The persistent re-experiencing of traumatic events (ex. War combat crime disaster) -Flashbacks - Nightmares
- Avoidance of reminders (Ex. Loud noises at fireworks)
- Minimum of one month has to be going on to be diagnosed.
- More common in women
- 75% of people experience trauma; about 10% or less develop PTSD.
What are the Biological Causes of anxiety disorders?
- Preparedness theory of phobias
- Neurotransmitters (Anxiety in the family means you probs have it too)
- Genetic Predisposition
What are the behavioral causes of anxiety disorders?
-Conditioning/Learning; Avoidance learning
What are the cognitive causes of anxiety disorder?
- Evaluation of consequences; Interpretation of events; Danger cost/likelihood.
- Anxiety sensitivity and panic
What are the Psychodynamic causes of anxiety disorder?
-Psychic conflict/fears.
What is a major depressive disorder?
Depression for weeks or months
minimum 2 weeks
-Depressed mood
-Loss of interest/pleasure (Anhedonia)
MUST HAVE TWO OF THESE OR OTHER SYMPTOMS
- Weight loss of gain
- Insomnia or Hyper insomnia
- Psychomotor agitation / Retardation
- Fatigue
- Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
- Decreased concentration
- Thoughts of death/suicide
What is a persistent depressive disorder?
Depression symptoms that never let up 2+ depressive symptoms.
What causes depression?
Biological, Psychological, and Social factors.
