MOTIVATION AND EMOTION

Question 1

What is motivation?

Answer 1

A need or desire that:

a) Energizes behavior
b) Directs it towards a goal

Question 2

Why are we motivated to do anything?

Answer 2

To avoid pain or gain pleasure

Question 3

What are the theories of motivation?

Answer 3

1. Instinct theory
2. Drive reduction theory
3. Optimal Arousal
4. Hierarchy of Motives

Question 4

What are instincts?

Answer 4

Instincts are complex behaviors that have fixed patterns throughout different species and are not learned. (Important but simple)

Question 5

What is the optimal arousal theory?

Answer 5

We seek optimum levels of arousal
too little = boredom
too much = stress

Question 6

What is the Hierarchy of motives? (by Abraham Maslow)

Answer 6

-Certain needs have priority over others.

hunger comes first.

Question 7

What is the biology of hunger?

Answer 7

• Stomach Contractions
• Glucose Levels
• Hypothalamus

Question 8

What is the hypothalamus’s contribution to hunger?

Answer 8

The lateral Hypothalamus increases hunger.

Lower Mid-hypothalamus depresses hunger.

Question 9

What is sexual motivation?

Answer 9

-Natures clever way of making people procreate, enabling our species to survive.

Question 10

What is the biology behind sexual motivation?

Answer 10

• Estrogen + Testosterone
• Not exactly like hunger chemicals
• Like fuel in a car

Question 11

What is the psychology of sexual motivation?

Answer 11

External Stimuli - What we see, read, hear, etc.

Imagined Stimuli - Fantasies.

Question 12

What are the predictors of sexual restraint among adolescents?

Answer 12

• Intelligence
• Religiosity
• Father Presence (for girls)
• Volunteering

Question 13

What are the different sexual orientations?

Answer 13

• Homosexual
• Heterosexual
• And bisexual

Question 14

Can animals be gay?

Answer 14

lol yes

Question 15

Origins of sexual orientation are not due to …

Answer 15

• Domineering/Neglectful/Absent father or mother,
• fear of hatred of opposite gender
• Current level of sex hormones in blood
• Childhood sexual abuse
• Various environmental factors not related to sexual orientation.

Question 16

What does the brain look like in a homosexual man?

Answer 16

• Anterior hypothalamus is smaller

- Anterior Commissure is larger.

Question 17

What are the known genetic factors of sexual orientation?

Answer 17

1. Family: Homosexuality seem to run in family
2. Twin studies: Identical twin is more likely than a fraternal twin to share co-twin homosexuality
3. Fruit flies: Females can be genetically engineered to act like males during courtship, and males like females.

Question 18

How do prenatal hormones and sexual orientation work together?

Answer 18

1. Animals: exposure of a female sheep fetus to testosterone results in homosexual behaviour.
2. Humans: Exposure of a male or female fetus to female hormones results in attraction to males.

Question 19

From an evolutionary perspective, how did belongingness help?

Answer 19

• Protect against predators, especially the young
• procure food
• reproduce

Question 20

Belongingness affects our…

Answer 20

Emotions: Happiness, sadness, loneliness
Thoughts: I want people to like me, value me
Behaviors: Act to increase social acceptance
Mental Health: Depression
Physical Health: Heart health, Early mortality.

Question 21

What are the benefits of Social Media?

Answer 21

• Increased communication
• Enhanced learning in and outside the school context
• Enter access to health information

Question 22

Downsides of social media

Answer 22

• Facebook depression
• Cyber bullying
• Sexting

Question 23

What is the motivation to achieve?

Answer 23

• Fear of Failure

- Desire for success

Question 24

What is the interviewer illusion?

Answer 24

1. Confirmation bias

2. Anchor and adjustment bias

Question 25

What are all the sensations with emotion?

Answer 25

1. Physiological activation (heart beating, sweating, etc) 2. Expressive behaviors 3. Conscious experience (what we feel)

Question 26

When do emotions get activated?

Answer 26

- When a situation becomes relevant to our personal goals.(ex. taking an exam) - A coordinated set of behaviours feelings and physiological changes. - Emotion is a mobilization (to act toward a personally relevant goal)

Question 27

How are emotions useful?

Answer 27

- Enhance our survival - Focus our attention and energize our actions - Strongest when we have strong wants/needs to avoid/obtain.

Question 28

What are some theories about emotion?

Answer 28

Common-sense view | 1. thought leads to.. 2. Emotion, which leads to.. 3. Physiological response.

Question 29

What is James Lang theory?

Answer 29

-Physiological activity precedes the emotional experience, dictates the emotional experience.

Question 30

What is the Cannon Bard theory?

Answer 30

-Emotion and bodys arousal are simultaneous.

Question 31

What is the two-factor theory?

Answer 31

Physical arousal and cognitive Label = Emotion

Question 32

What physiological study might support the two factor theory?

Answer 32

The miss tribute theory.

Question 33

What is embodied emotion?

Answer 33

- Emotions involve bodily responses. | ex. butterflies in stomach

Question 34

What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for?

Answer 34

It mobilizes us for an action. Ex. Respiration increases and supplies more oxygen (more energy) Blood gets pumped to major muscle groups (Strength because of emotion)

Question 35

What is the sympathetic nervous system linked with?

Answer 35

-Arousing -Stress hormones(ex. adrenaline) fight or flight.

Question 36

What is the parasympathetic nervous system linked with?

Answer 36

-Calming -Inhibits release of stress hormones -Calms us down, rest and digest system.

Question 37

What are the physiological similarities among emotions?

Answer 37

Fear vs. Anger vs Love vs Boredom. - All involve mobilization and arousal - higher sympathetic lower parasympathetic

Question 38

Do fear and Joy facial expressions use different muscles?

Answer 38

YES

Question 39

What part of the brain are fear and anger in?

Answer 39

Amygdala

Question 40

Does depression use more right or left frontal activity?

Answer 40

Right

Question 41

Does Happiness use more right or left frontal activity?

Answer 41

Left

Question 42

Is cognition required for emotion?

Answer 42

It is sorta possible for emotions to be generated without any real thoughts happening lol

Question 43

What is the spillover phenomenon?

Answer 43

Arousal from a previous event influences a reaction to the next event ex. horror movie --> anger

Question 44

What are the two routes to emotion?

Answer 44

Without conscious appraisal vs. with conscious appraisal.

Question 45

What is the Zajonc/Ledoux perspective?

Answer 45

-Emotion without cognition/Appraisal. *Neural shortcut that bypasses the cortex('thinking' part of the brain) to create fear. EX. Fearing a spider even though its harmless.

Question 46

How are emotions expressed?

Answer 46

- Face - Body - Voice Intonation

Question 47

While acknowledging facial expressions, would angry or happy faces "pop out" faster?

Answer 47

-Angry faces would because we recognize these as a potential threat.

Question 48

What do we know about women and gender and expressive emotion?

Answer 48

- Women are better at reading non-verbal emotion | - Women often express emotion non verbally

Question 49

What are the 10 basic emotions that IZARD identified that humans experience? and which are not present in infancy?

Answer 49

Joy, anger, interest, disgust, surprise, sadness, fear, contempt, guilt, and shame. -Contempt, Guilt, and shame are not present in infancy.

Question 50

Is emotional expression cross-cultural?

Answer 50

-Some emotion words are different so the emotion lens like visually is cross-cultural. BUT gestures are not.

Question 51

What are the levels of emotion?

Answer 51

1. MOOD (min, hour) 2. TRAIT (very happy, very negative person) 3. DISORDER (Depression, Sadness that is. long lasting. Anxiety disorders, fear disorders)

Question 52

How did we learn fear?

Answer 52

1) Conditioning | 2) Observation

Question 53

What is the biology behind fear?

Answer 53

Amygdala- Is part that gets extra attention in fear, it activates when we view fearful images.

Question 54

What makes us angry?

Answer 54

Friends and loved ones who commit wrongdoings 1. Willful 2. Unjustified 3. Avoidable FOUL odors, High temperatures, Traffic jams, aches and pains.

Question 55

What are some recognizable things in people who are happy?

Answer 55

-see the world and safer -Easier time making decisions -more cooperative -Rate others more favourably -Better health, energy, satisfaction. FEEL GOOD, DO GOOD PHENOMENON