Development of Ballistic Skills

Question 1

define ballistic skills

Answer 1

performer applies force to an object to project it
ex. throwing, kicking, striking

Question 2

name claire’s examples of ballistic skills

Answer 2

• throwing paper airplane
• snowball
• littering

Question 3

name the forms of throwing

Answer 3

• underhand (1 or 2 hand)
• sidearm
• overarm (1 or 2 hand)

Question 4

name the outcome and movement pattern of throwing

Answer 4

outcome: accuracy, distance, ball velocity
movement pattern: developmental sequences

Question 5

describe early overhand throwing

Answer 5

• young children’s arm patterns during throwing (especially under 3 years old) tend to be:
• restricted to arm action alone(*legs doon’t move)
• elbows pointed up
• throw executed by elbow extension alone

Question 6

name the steps for proficient overhand throwing for force

Answer 6

1) forward step, pelvic rotation
2) upper spine rotation and upper arm swing
3) upper arm inward rotation and elbow extension
4) release
5) follow-through

Question 7

describe proficientoverhand throwing for force

Answer 7

-weight shifts to the back foot
- uses preparatory windup (weight shifts and trunk rotates back; arm swings)
- thrower uses opposite leg, long step, and differentiated trunk rotation
- upper arm and forearm lag
- movements are sequential to transfer momentum

Question 8

define block rotation

Answer 8

rotation of the upper and lower units of the trunk as a unit

Question 9

define differentiated trunk rotation

Answer 9

the lower trunk rotates forward, while the upper trunk is rotating backwards (or still preparing to rotate forward)

Question 10

name the characteristics (of overhand throwing) that are best observed from the front or the back

Answer 10

• trunk to upper arm angle
• elbow angle
• lateral trunk bend

Question 11

name the characteristics (of overhand throwing) that are best observed from the side

Answer 11

• the step
• trunk rotation
• upper arm and forearm lag

Question 12

throwing for distance vs accuracy has _

Answer 12

different movement patterns/technique depending on goal outcome*

Question 13

define kicking

Answer 13

a kick is a ballistic strike of an object from the foot

Question 14

name the characteristics of early kicking

Answer 14

similar to throwing
- unskilled kickers tend to use a single action instead of a sequence of actions
- a beginner kicker will simply push the leg forward

Question 15

describe proficient kicking

Answer 15

advanced kicking
- preparatory windup, running up to the ball
- uses sequential movements of the kicking leg
- knee straightends just before contact with the ball (to increase radius of the kicking leg)
- kicking leg continues forward even after contact in the follow-through
- swings the kicking leg through full range of motion at the hip
- uses the arms in opposition to the legs

Question 16

to give adequate instruction on kicking from the side:

Answer 16

• placement of the support foot
• range of motion and precontact extension in the kicking leg
• range of trunk motion
• arm opposition

Question 17

define a punt

Answer 17

a form of kicking, where the ball is dropped from the individual’s hands before impact with the foot

Question 18

characteristics of early punting: tends to _ instead of dropping the ball

Answer 18

toss the ball up

Question 19

name the characteristics of early punting (all)

Answer 19

• tends to toss the ball up instead of dropping the ball
• often will release the ball after the support leg contacts the ground
• child may not take a step
• arms drop to the sides
• either rigidly extend the kicking-leg or bends knee, kicking the ball with a flexed leg
• ball contacts toes instead of instep, resulting in an unpredictable punt
  *short step, arms drop to sides, kicking knee flexed at contact

Question 20

decribe the characteristics of proficient punting

Answer 20

• extend the arms forward with the ball, dropping it as the final leg stride is taken
• move the arms to the side after releasing the ball, now use the arms in opposition with legs
• leap onto the supporting leg and swing the punting leg vigorously up to contact the ball, so that the body leaves the ground with a hop of the supporting leg
• keep the kicking leg knee nearly straight and the toes pointed at the time of contact

Question 21

in the picture of proficient punting, what 5 characteristics do we see

Answer 21

ball dropped early, leap step, arms abduct, arms in opposition to legs, ankle extended

Question 22

define striking

Answer 22

striking encompassesnumerous skills, and can be done in a variety of ways
- using a variety of equipment
- ex. swinging a bat, racket overhand, golf club underhand

Question 23

define sidearm striking

Answer 23

a form of striking where the arm remains at or below shoulder level
eg. swinging a baseball bat

Question 24

striking involves more difficult _

Answer 24

perceptual judgement
- being able to hit a moving target is limited in early childhood
eg. t-ball

Question 25

describe characteristics of early striking

Answer 25

- similar to throwing - child will 'chop' at the oncoming ball - extended elbow - not very much trunk and leg movement

Question 26

describe proficient striking

Answer 26

- stepping into the hit - applying linear force to the strike - differentiated trunk rotation - swinging through full range of motion - contact, follow-through

Question 27

describe developmental changes in sidearm striking

Answer 27

- grip changes from "power grip" to "shake hands" grip - changes from using solely upper body to including the lower body

Question 28

define overarm striking

Answer 28

a form of striking where the arm travels above the shoulder level eg. tennis serve

Question 29

describe early overarm striking

Answer 29

- limited pelvic and spinal movement - elbow stays bent - arm and racket swing together - ball contact is low

Question 30

describe proficient overarm striking

Answer 30

- trunk rotation occurs - racket lags begins arm during forward swing - ball contact is higher

Question 31

describe testing gross motor development

Answer 31

the developmental sequences for throwing, kicking, punting, sidearm striking and overarm striking can be used to access developmental progress, but we can also use assessment tools

Question 32

describe test of gross motor development-3 TGMD-3

Answer 32

- a trained administrator demonstrates the skill, one practice trial is permitted, and then 2 trials of the skill are recorded *we will go through forearm strike and kick

Question 33

describe forearm strike (ball skill) - testing gross motor development

Answer 33

1) child takes backswing with the paddle when ball is bounced 2) child steps toward the ball with nonpreferred foot 3) child strikes ball forward toward the wall/net 4) paddle follows through toward nonpreferred shoulder

Question 34

describe kick (ball skill) - testing gross motor development

Answer 34

1) approach to the ball is rapid and continuous 2) child takes an elongated stride or leap just before ball contact 3) non-kicking foot is placed close to the ball 4) child kicks ball with instep of preferred foot (not the toes)