Development of human locomotion 2

Question 1

walking is the first form of _

Answer 1

upright, bipedal locomotion without support

Question 2

walking is defined by:

Answer 2

• nearly equal phasing between the legs
• period of double support (both feet on the ground) followed by a period of single support

Question 3

characteristics of early walking

Answer 3

• maximizes stability and balance
• arms are in high-guard
• feet are out-toes and spread wide
• independent steps are taken

Question 4

characteristics of proficient walking

Answer 4

• trading stability for mobility
• stride length increases
• base of support is reduced
• pelvis is rotating
• opposition (arms to legs) occurs

Question 5

by age 4, what developmental change in walking do we see (early childhood)

Answer 5

• by age 4, essential components of an advanced walk are present

Question 6

what developmental changes in walking do we see in older adulthood

Answer 6

• maximizing stability
• out-toeing increases
• stride length decreases
• pelvic rotation decreases
• speed decreases
• objects are used as balance aids
  *like going backwards, going back to early walking habits

Question 7

any of the changes associated with the aging process can act as _

Answer 7

rate limiters

Question 8

describe rate limiters in later walking

Answer 8

• most obvious, change in structural constraints can influence walking
• rate limiters are strength (to support body on the leg) and balance

Question 9

when does running occur?

Answer 9

6-7 months after walking starts

Question 10

running is defined by:

Answer 10

-50% phasing between the legs (ex. pushing off leg, flying for a second, pushing off other)
- flight phase followed by single support

Question 11

describe early running

Answer 11

stability over mobility
- return of odd behaviours
- arms in high guard
- limited range of motion
- short stride length
- little rotation

Question 12

describe proficient running

Answer 12

• less stability, more mobility
• increased stride length
• planar movement
• narrow base of support
• trunk rotation
• opposition

Question 13

describe the developmental changes of early running

Answer 13

• as children grow, qualitative changes in running patterns
• progressed physical growth and maturation, generally result in improved quantitative measures of running

Question 14

describe developmental changes of later running (seniors)

Answer 14

• patterns help increase stability and balance
• decreases appear in: stride length, range of motion, # of strides, speed
• rate controllers: balance and strength

Question 15

describe rate controllers in later running

Answer 15

• running requires greater generation of force and ability to balance
• smaller changes in constraints can affect later running
• an individual may have the ability to run, but may not have the opportunity to do so, or chooses not to

Question 15

define jump

Answer 15

person propels self off ground with one or two feet: lands on 2 feet

Question 15

define hop

Answer 15

person propels self off ground with one foot; lands on same foot

Question 16

define leap

Answer 16

person propels self off ground with one foot, etends flight period, and lands on opposite foot

Question 17

children often begin simple jumping at what age?

Answer 17

before age 2

Question 18

what 2 types of jumps can people perform?

Answer 18

vertical or horizontal (standing long) jump

Question 19

describe early jumping characteristics

Answer 19

• jump only vertically
• one-foot takeoff or landing
• no or limited preparatory movements

Question 20

where is the force directed in a vertical jump?

Answer 20

force is directed downward; body is extended

Question 21

where is the force directed for horizontal jump?

Answer 21

force is directed down and backward; knees are flexed during flight

Question 22

describe proficient jumping

Answer 22

• preparatory crouch maximizes takeoff force
• both feet leave ground at same time
• arm swing use during jump

Question 23

describe developmental changes of jumping

Answer 23

- continuous growth in body size and strength contribute to quantative improvements - it is not guaranteed that every child will eventually master jumping

Question 24

define rate limiters for jumping

Answer 24

development of enough force to bring own body into the air from a still position

Question 25

what is the 1st level of difficulty for jumps?

Answer 25

jump down: from 1 foot to the other foot

Question 26

what is the 2nd level of difficulty for jumps?

Answer 26

jump up: from 2 feet to 2 feet

Question 27

what is the 3rd level of difficulty for jumps?

Answer 27

jump down: from 1 foot to 2 feet

Question 28

what is the 4th level of difficulty for jumps?

Answer 28

jump down: from 2 feet to 2 feet

Question 29

what is the 5th level of difficulty for jumps?

Answer 29

run and jump forward from 1 foot to the other foot

Question 30

what is the 6th level of difficulty for jumps?

Answer 30

jump forward from 2 feet to 2 feet

Question 31

what is the 7th level of difficulty for jumps?

Answer 31

run and jump forward from 1 foot to 2 feet

Question 32

what is the 8th level of difficulty for jumps?

Answer 32

jump over object from 2 feet to 2 feet

Question 33

what is the 9th level of difficulty for jumps?

Answer 33

jump from 1 foot to the same foot rhythmically

Question 34

describe early hopping

Answer 34

- hopping starts later than jumping early characteristics: - support leg is lifted rather than used to project body - arms are inactive - swings leg is held rigidly in front of the body

Question 35

describe proficient hopping

Answer 35

- swing leg leads hip and moves through full range of motion - support leg extends fully at hip - oppositional arm movement generates force - support leg is flexed on landing

Question 36

describe the rate controllers in hopping

Answer 36

- depends on the postural system's ability to balance the body on one limb for a succession of hops - ability to generate enough force to lift the body with one limb, recover, and quickly generate enough force to hop again

Question 37

galloping, sliding, skipping involves combination of skills previously obtained like _,_,_

Answer 37

stepping, hopping, leaping

Question 38

in galloping, sliding and skipping which are asymmetric and symmetric?

Answer 38

asymmetric: gallop and slide gallop: forward step on one foot, leap on other slide:sideways step on one foot, leap on other symmetric: skip skip: alternating step-hops on one foot, then on the other

Question 39

describe early galloping, sliding, skipping

Answer 39

- arrythmic and stiff movements - little or no arm movement - little or no trunk rotation - exaggeration of vertical lift - short stride or step length

Question 40

describe proficient galloping, sliding, skipping

Answer 40

- the arms are no longer needed for balance - in skipping, the arms swing rhythmically in opposition to the legs and provide momentum - child can use the arms for another purpose during galloping and sliding, such as clapping

Question 41

when do galloping, sliding and skippping emerge?

Answer 41

galloping is the first to emerge (around 2-3 years old) sliding comes next skipping is usually the last to emerge (around 4-7 years old)

Question 42

describe rate limiters for galloping

Answer 42

coordination (uncoupling legs), differential force production (legs performing different tasks)

Question 43

describe rate limiters for sliding

Answer 43

coordination (turning to one side)

Question 44

describe rate limiters for skipping

Answer 44

coordination (ability to perform two tasks with one leg)

Question 45

transporting ourselves from point A to point B is an important past of human life and can be accomplished _

Answer 45

using many different locomotor skills

Question 46

from early childhood to later adulthood, many individual constraints act as _

Answer 46

rate limiters in the emergence and maintenance of skills