Early Motor Development 2

Question 1

describe a motor milestone (the pathway to voluntary movements)

Answer 1

• is a fundamental motor skill
• attaining this motor skill is associated with the acquisition of later movements
• relatively consistent stages of milestones
• timing can differ from individual to individual

Question 2

what 2 motor milestones researchers did we talk about in class?

Answer 2

• Bayley (1936, 1969)
• Shirley (1931, 1963)
  *observed infants, collected data on when motor milestoneswould happen

Question 3

describe the milestones at the average age range 0.1-3 months based on bayley scales of infant development

Answer 3

• lifts head when held at the shoulder
• lateral head movement
• artm thrusts in play
• leg thrusts in play
• retains (ie. grasps) red ring

Question 4

describe the milestones at the average age range 0.1-3 months based on milestone Shirley Sequence

Answer 4

• chin up (lifts head in prone)
  *shirley sequence is a lot less detailed than bailey

Question 5

describe the milestones at the average age range 0.7-7 months based on bayley scales of infant development

Answer 5

• head lifts and steady
• turns from side to back
• sits with slight support
• turns from back to side

Question 6

describe the milestones at the average age range 0.7-7.0 months based on Milestone Shirley Sequence

Answer 6

• chest up (lifts head and chest)
• sits with support

Question 7

describe the milestones at the average age range 4.0-10.0 months based on bayley scales of infant development

Answer 7

• partial thumb opposition
• sits alone momentarily
• unilateral reaching
• rotates wrist
• rolls from back to front

Question 8

describe the milestons at the average age range 4.0-10.0 months based on Milestone Shirley Sequence

Answer 8

• sits on lao
• grasps objects
• sits in chair, grasps dangling object

Question 9

describe the milestones at the average age range 5.0-10.0 months based on bayley scales of infant development

Answer 9

• sits alone steadily
• complete thumb opposition
• prewalking progression
• partial finger prehension

Question 10

describe the milestones at the average age range 5.0-10.0 months based on Milestone Shirley Sequence

Answer 10

• sits alone
• stands with help

Question 11

describe the milestones at the average age range 5.0-12.0 months based on bayley scales of infant development

Answer 11

• pulls to standing
• stands up by furniture
• stepping movements
• walks with help

Question 12

describe the milestones at the average age range 5.0-12.0 months based on Milestone Shirley Sequence

Answer 12

• stands holding furniture
• creeps

Question 13

describe the milestones at the average age range 9.0-20.0 months based on bayley scales of infant development

Answer 13

• stands alone
• walks alone
• walks backwards

Question 14

describe the milestones at the average age range 9.0-20.0 months based on Milestone Shirley Sequence

Answer 14

• pulls to stand
• stands alone
• walks alone (Shirley Sequence ends here, Bailey continues)

Question 15

describe the milestones at the average age range 12.0-30.0+ months based on bayley scales of infant development

Answer 15

• walks up stairs with help
• walks down stairs with help
• jumps off floor, both feet
• jumps from bottom step

Question 16

what other milestones researcher did we talk about in class?

Answer 16

the WHO (2006)
- WHO multicenter growth reference study (MGRS) group
* wanted to look at more data, more infants, compare with more countries
*816 children from 5 countries, 6 motor milestones

Question 17

What are the WHO 6 Motor Milestones

Answer 17

• sitting without support
• creeping
• standing with assistance
• walking with assistance
• standing alone
• walking alone

Question 18

what are the 2 types of the first voluntary locomotion?

Answer 18

crawling and creeping

Question 19

define crawling

Answer 19

moving on hands and stomach “combat crawl”

Question 20

define creeping

Answer 20

moving on hands and knees

Question 21

what were the study differences in sitting without support? (when this development occured)

Answer 21

5.9 months - MGRS
6.6 months - Bayley
7.0 months - Shirley

Question 22

what were the study differences in standing with assistance? (when this development occured)

Answer 22

7.4 months - MGRS
8.1 months - Bayley
8.0 months - Shirley

Question 23

what happened to the study differences after the sitting without support / standing with assistance findings?

Answer 23

• the data from the MGRS and Bayley match closely
• shirley’s ages vary more, however her ranges are still within MGRS ranges

Question 24

What can we conclude? (study differences)

Answer 24

• infants are attainingthe same motor milestones at approximately the same ages as infants did 80+ years ago
• validated and reliable sources

Question 25

define rate limiter:

Answer 25

an individual constraint or system that holds back or slows the emergence of a motor skill because it develops slower than other systems *holding back development of next skill

Question 26

what are some reasons why an infant mightbe delayed in attaining amotor milestone?

Answer 26

consider: the individual, environmental, and task constraints interacting during infancy claire's answers: siblings to look up to, birth order, access to opportunities, genetics, nutrition, parenting

Question 27

for the motor milestone of lifting head while laying on belly, name the precursor and culture norms shaping infant development

Answer 27

precursor: strength in neck and shoulders culture norms shaping infant development: -'movement' reducing sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS, 1992) - American Academy of Pediatrics recommended infants be placed on their sides or backs - back for sleep campaign - did reduce SIDS, but increased a delay in motor milestones - Tummy Time (Kuo et al., 2008)

Question 28

it is important to keep in mind the presence of _ in all aspects of development

Answer 28

individual variability

Question 29

define postural control

Answer 29

the act of maintaining, achieving, or restoring balance

Question 30

our CNS regulates sensory information from other systems in order to _ (postural control)

Answer 30

make adequate motor output responses to maintain a controlled, upright posture

Question 31

(postural control) the cerebellum coordinates_

Answer 31

voluntary muscle movements and helps to maintain posture, balance, and equilibrium

Question 32

describe the developmentalists view: (postural control)

Answer 32

postural control and balanceare a part of the rate-limiting system

Question 33

newborns make postural adjustments of the

Answer 33

head in response to a visual stimulus. (They starting to make appropriate postural responses based on what they are perceiving)

Question 34

describe the moving room technique

Answer 34

- a child in their first year of standing - will sway or fall when the room moves - child is perceiving the room movement as their own sway - this effect diminishes in children after their first year of standing *for infants learning to balance, visual info can be much more potent than mechanical, adult is less sensitive to this

Question 35

What does the moving room tell us about the development of postural control?

Answer 35

- in the moving room example, (floor stays still, walls and ceiling move) child falls when the walls and ceiling move toward them - this response occurs because the child perceives the room movement as sway rather than room movement - that visual perception of self-motion is not the rate controlling factor in infant posture and balance

Question 36

In the moving room example, the rate-controlling factor is the

Answer 36

coupling of the sensory information with the appropriate motor response

Question 37

once refined, this perception-action coupling can provide _

Answer 37

quick and specific adjustments - in other words, infants must continously calibrate their sensorimotor coupling - visual information is very important in our motor control... more on this later