Development of NS

Question 1

What induces the ectoderm to differentiate into the neural plate?

Answer 1

notocord and paraxial mesoderm

Question 2

what protein is inducing the ectoderm developing into skin?

Answer 2

BMP4

Question 3

what protein does the notocord secrete to develop into nervous tissue?

Answer 3

BMP4 antagonists - noggin, chordin, follastin

Question 4

when does the NS first appear?

Answer 4

3rd week

Question 5

what forms the neural plate?

Answer 5

the neural groove deepening

Question 6

what neuroectodermal cells form from the neural groove?

Answer 6

neural crest cells

Question 7

what does the neural tube differentiate into?

Answer 7

cns

Question 8

what do the neural crest cells give rise to?

Answer 8

pns and autonomics ns

Question 9

what does the neural canal communicate with?

Answer 9

amniotic cavity

Question 10

closure of neural tube occurs first in

Answer 10

cervical region

Question 11

neural tube openings are:

Answer 11

neuropores (rostral and caudal)

Question 12

around what day do that neuropores close?

Answer 12

rostral - day 24
caudal - day 28

Question 13

the walls of the neural tube thickens to form

Answer 13

brain, brainstem and spinal cord

Question 14

somites give rise to

Answer 14

vertebrae and ribs
dermis on dorsal skin
skeletal muscles

Question 15

what zone gives rise to all neurons and macroglia?

Answer 15

ventricular zone

Question 16

what zone forms the precursors of white matter regions of the spinal cord?

Answer 16

marginal zone

Question 17

primordial neurons are called:

Answer 17

neuroblasts

Question 18

neuroblasts form the ____ zone between ventricular and marginal

Answer 18

intermediate zone

Question 19

which plate is a signaling center for BMPs and Wnts

Answer 19

roof plate (dorsal)

Question 20

which plate is a signaling center for Shh

Answer 20

floor plate (ventral)

Question 21

which plate is a precursor of sensory gray matter?

Answer 21

alar plate (dorsal)

Question 22

which plate is a precursor of motor gray matter?

Answer 22

basal plate (ventral)

Question 23

helps pattern the organization of the basal plate

Answer 23

Shh

Question 24

helps pattern the organization of the alar plate

Answer 24

BMPs

Question 25

all sensory cells from the pns are derived from:

Answer 25

neural crest cells

Question 26

when does myelination begin?

Answer 26

late fetal period and continues during 1st postnatal yr

Question 27

differences in the thickening of the lateral walls produces a shallow longitudinal groove on each side of the neural (central) canal

Answer 27

sulcus limitans

Question 28

where does the newborn spinal cord end at?

Answer 28

L3 - infants L1 - adults

Question 29

during what week do the brain flexures appear?

Answer 29

week 4 midbrain and cervical

Question 30

three primary vesicles:

Answer 30

prosencephalon mesencephalon rhombencephalon

Question 31

five secondary vesicles: 5th week

Answer 31

telencephalon diencephalon mesencephalon metencephalon myelencephalon

Question 32

thalamus cavity:

Answer 32

third ventricle

Question 33

midbrain cavity:

Answer 33

aqueduct

Question 34

medulla cavity:

Answer 34

fourth ventircle lower part

Question 35

pons cavity:

Answer 35

upper part of fourth ventircle

Question 36

cerebral hemisphere cavities:

Answer 36

lateral ventricles

Question 37

a ventral marker, is induced by Shh in the floor plate and repressed by BMPs in the roof plate

Answer 37

Pax6

Question 38

a dorsal marker, is repressed by Shh and induced by BMPs

Answer 38

Pax7

Question 39

Anomalies involving the vertebral arches

Answer 39

spina bifida

Question 40

Type of upper NTD that occurs when the anterior part of the neural tube (anterior neuropore) fails to close at week 4 of development

Answer 40

Anencephaly

Question 41

The brain fails to grow sufficiently, resulting in a smaller than normal brain

Answer 41

Microphaly

Question 42

The forebrain fails to develop into two hemispheres, with a resulting loss of midline structures that lead to malformations of the brain and face.

Answer 42

Holoprosencephaly

Question 43

Defects related to an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Answer 43

Hydrocephalus

Question 44

Caudal displacement and herniation of cerebellar structures through the foramen magnum

Answer 44

arnold-chiari malformation

Question 45

a congenital brain malformation involving the cerebellum and the fluid filled spaces around it enlarged 4th ventricle and cyst

Answer 45

Dandy-walker syndrome

Question 46

Microglial cells arise from_____ after the production of neuroblasts has ceased.

Answer 46

mesenchyme

Question 47

myelomeningocele is related to what condition?

Answer 47

arnold-chiari