HISTO: Cartilage, Bone Flashcards by Alanis Delgado

What is a general characteristic of cartilage

abundant ECM o type 2 fibrils
no vascular
GAGs

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What is function of cartilage

mechanical stress, diffusion, weight, shock absorber, model for bone

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types of cartilage:

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

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characteristic of hyaline cartilage

matrix containing type II collagen fibers

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elastic cartilage characteristic

elastic fibers and lamellae in addition to hyaline

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fibrocartilage charateristic

abundant type I collagen fibers in addition to hyaline

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hyaline collagen matrix is synthesized by

chondrocytes

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types of molecules that make hyaline cartilage matrix

collagen
proteoglycans
multiadhesive glycoproteins

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which collagen fibers are used in hyaline cartilage

type 2**
type 9, 11
type 6, 10

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which proteoglycans are found in hyaline cartilage

GAGs:
AGGRECAN
hyaluronan
chondroitin sulfate

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The most important proteoglycan monomer in hyaline cartilage is

aggrecan - water affinity

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which multiadhesive proteins are found in hyaline cartilage

anchorin CII - collagen receptor on chondrocytes
fibronectin and tenascin - anchor chondrocytes to matrix

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chondrocytes function:

produce and maintain the extracellular matrix

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cell line from mesenchymal cell in cartilage:

growing cartilage - chondroblast - chondrocytes

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function of chondroblast

secrete ecm and form lacuna

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chondrocytes secrete:

matrix and MMP (degrades matrix) proteoglycans

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what is an insterstitial growth - isogenous group

mitotic activity

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what TF triggers cell differentiation into chondroblasts which secrete matrix

SOX-9

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what are the types of cartilage growth

appositional and interstitial

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3 components layers of hyaline cartilage matrix

intrterritorial matrix - fibrils
territorial matrix - collagen 2, 9, protegylcans
capsular matrix - proteoglycans, collagen 6, 9

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which type cartilage forms model of skeleton in fetus

hyaline cartilage as growth plstes

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what type of hyaline cartilage is in adults

articular cartilage - synovial and costal, nasal, bronchi, larynx

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why is hyaline cartilage highly hydrated

resilience and diffusion of small metabolites

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how can cartilage repair occur

if perichondrium is involved, type I collagen

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Cartilage at the proximal and distal end of the bone serves as growth sites called

epipheseal growth plates

Hyaline cartilage of articular joint surfaces do not posses

perichondrium

Degenerative joint disease related to aging

ostheoarthritis

what plays important part in ostheoarthritis

chondrocytes: produce interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor a, so type II colagen is inhibited

is a more severe form where the immune system attacks the cartilage, bone and synovial membrane

rheumatoid arthritis

what does elastic cartilage form

auricles, auditory tube larynx

elastic cartilage differs from hyalin because

larger chondrocytes, yellowish, does not calcifty, less matrix

Elastic cartilage is distinguished by the presence of

elastin in cartilage matrix

which cartilage need specialized tint to view

elastic cartilage

what does fibrocartilafe form

IV discs, symphisis pubis, knee joint

what is fibrocartilage composed of

dense regular connective tissue and hyaline cartilage

what makes fibrocartilage different than hyaline and elastic

no perichondrium present

what type of collagen is fibrocartilage

type I mainly and type II

in older age. fibrocartilage is mostly collagen type:

II because of metabolic activity of chondrocytes

a proteoglycan monomer secreted by fibroblasts in fibrocartilage

versican more than aggrecan (hyaline)

IV disc degeneration is associated with:

proteolytic degradation of proteoglycan aggregates

what collagen in tumor is associated with good prognosis

type 2 and 10

what collagen in tumor is associated with poor prognosis

type I

what can affect hyaline cartilage

hormones and vitamins a, c, d

what is bone (special ct) characterized by

mineralized matrix

mineralized matrix is made of

calcium phosphate in the form of hydroxyapatite crystals

to visualize organic component study technique

decalcified

to visualize inorganic component study technique

ground bone - undecalcified

secreted by osteoblasts

extracellular matrix and osteoid

major fibers of bone

collagen type I

disease of collagen type I in bone

osteogenesis imperfecta - brittle bones

multiadhesive glycoproteins of bone include:

osteonectin, osteopontin and sialoproteins

Bone-specific vitamin K- dependent proteins:

osteocalcin protein s Gla-proteins - vascular calcification

bone growth factors and cytokines include:

IGFs, TNF-a, TGF-b, BMPs, ILs

used clinically to induce bone growth after bone surgery involving large bone defects, spinal fusions, or implantation of graft materials

BMP-7 = OP-1

bone matrix contains ___ connected by canaliculi

lacunae

small tunnels extended by osteocytes

canaliculi

osteocyte processes communicate by

gap junctions

bone cell types:

osteoprogenitors - osteoblast - osteocyte - bone lining - osteoclast

osteoctyes are used for

intramembranous ossification

bone tissue is classified by

spongy cancellous or compact dense

bone coverings include

periosteum endosteum

growth of bone tissue is

appositional

Mature bone is composed of structural units called

osteons (Haversian system)

lateral canal in bones

Volkmann’s canals

The matrix in immature woven bone stains more intensely with

hematoxylin

markers of osteoblastic activity

TNAP and osteocalcin

responsible for the calcification of the bone matrix

osteoblast

true or false: the majority of osteoblasts undergo apoptosis

true

released from the osteoblast at the osteoblast–osteoid interface

matrix vesicles

what forms hydroxyapatite crystals

Ca2+ and PO4

current concept of osteocytic remodeling is that the osteocyte is responsible for

calcium and phosphate ion homeostasis

osteocyte functional states:

quiescent - few rer and m formative - more rer and golgi resorptive - rer, golgi, m and l

part of the Mononuclear Phagocytic System

osteoclast

responsible for bone resorption

osteoclast

essential for osteoclast differentiation and maturation

RANK and rank ligand RANKL

Osteoclasts when actively resorbing bone, exhibit 3 specialized regions

ruffled border, clear zone, basolateral region

the most important regulator of calcium and phosphate levels in the extracellular fluid

PTH parathyroid hormone

what is the function of PTH?

-increases bone mass in osteocytes and osteoblast CAMP -increase RANKL causing osteoporisis

what does estrogen and OPG suppress?

cytokines RANKL production by T lymphocytes

reduces osteoclastic activity

calcitonin

marker for osteoclastic activity

TRAP

causes osteopetrosis, a congenital disease bone mass - defective osteoclast function

less cathepsin K, carbonic anhydrase II

characterized by progressive loss of normal bone density accompanied by the deterioration of its microarchitecture

osteoporosis

what initiates intramembranous ossification

mesenchymal condensation - week 8

mesenchyme bone cells differentiate into

osteoprogenitor cells and CBFA1 TF

plays a role in fracture repair

intramembranous ossification

what parts interconnect with each other and form trabeculae in Intramembranous ossification

bone spicules

how does endochondral ossification begin

by 12th week FGFs and BMPs

first signs of ossification

bony collar

chondrocytes in the midregion become hypertrophic and synthesize

alkaline phosphatase

This first site when bone begins to form in the dyaphysis of a long bone is

primary ossification center

develops in the proximal epiphysis

secondary ossification center

Hyaline cartilage persists between the two epiphyses as

epiphyseal plate

cartilage is replaced by

bone

Growth in length of long bones depends on the presence of the

epiphyseal plates

epiphyseal plate zones (5):

reserve cartilage - resting proliferation hypertrophy - mature VEGF calcified cartilage resorption - spicules

The initial response to the bone injury produces a

fracture hematoma

what fills the gap at the fracture site producing a soft callus

fibrocartilage

what forms after bone necrosis in a fracture

soft callus which is then calcified into hard callus

HISTO: Cartilage, Bone Flashcards

(99 cards)