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Semester 2 > Development of the CVS > Flashcards

Development of the CVS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main stages?

A
  1. Development of Primordial Heart Tube
  2. Looping of the Heart Tube
  3. Atrial and Ventricular Septation
  4. Development of the Outflow Tract
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2
Q

What is this?

A

Bilateral heart primordia

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3
Q

Which part of the lateral plate forms the circulatory system (and other viscera)?

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

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4
Q

How are the two primitive heart tubes formed?

A

Angiogenic cell islands collect in the lateral plate splanchnic mesoderm, move towards the midline and coalesce

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5
Q

Why is the cardiovascular system the first major system to function in the embryo?

A

Diffusion is not enough to satisfy the growing embryo

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6
Q

Where do blood vessels first appear?

A

In the wall of yolk sac, allantois, connecting stalk and chorion

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7
Q

When and where do the angioblastic chords form?

A

Appear in the 3rd week in the cardiogenic mesoderm

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8
Q

What do the angioblastic chords do?

A

Canalize to form heart tubes

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9
Q

How is the primordial cardiovascular system formed?

A

Tubular heart joins blood vessels in other areas

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10
Q

Where is the pericardium derived from?

A

The intra-embryonic coelom (space between the splanchnic and somatic mesoderm)

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11
Q

What part of the pericardium is formed from the somatic mesoderm?

A

Parietal layer of serous pericardium and fibrous pericardium formed from somatic mesoderm.

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12
Q

What is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium formed from?

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

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13
Q

What are the following structures?

A
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14
Q

How many horns does the sinus venosus have?

A

Two horns

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15
Q

Where does each sinus venosus get its venous blood?

A

The yolk sac (viteline vein)

Placenta (umbilical vein)

Body of the embryo (common cardinal vein)

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16
Q

How many aorta exist in the embryo?

A

2, the adults only have the left one

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17
Q

How many aortic arches exist initially?

A

6

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18
Q

What is the truncus arteriosis continuous with?

A

The aortic sac

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19
Q

How is the u shape of the bulboventricular loop formed?

A

Bulbus cordis and the ventricle grow faster than the other regions forming a U shaped loop

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20
Q

What is dextrocardia?

A

Abnormal cardiac looping

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21
Q

How does dextrocardia arise?

A

Heart tube loops to the left side instead of the right thus coming to lie facing the right.

It is the moset requent abnormality of the heart - •Dextrocardia can be associated with situs inversus (transposition of viscera)

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22
Q

When does partitioning of the primordial heart take place?

A

Around the 27th and 37th days of embryonic development

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23
Q

What does the endocardial cushion do?

A

Separates the right atrioventricular opening from the left atrioventricular opening, forming left and right atrioventricular canals

24
Q

atrial septal defect (ASD)

& ventricular septal defect (VSD) are associated with malfunctinos of development with?

A

Septum formation

25
Q

Look

A
26
Q

Label the diagram

A
27
Q

Label the diagram

A
28
Q

What is the ostium primum?

A

The opening between the septum primum and the endocardial cushion

29
Q

Where does the foramen secundum form?

A

The upper end of the septum primum (cell death)

30
Q

Where does the septum secundum form?

A

On the right of the septum primum

31
Q

How does the septum secundum grow?

A

Grows and overlaps the foramen secundum - But septum secundum is incomplete – perforated by oval foramen (foramen ovale)

32
Q

Label the diagram

A
33
Q

What is the role of the oval foramen before birth?

A
  • Allows most of the blood to pass from the right atrium to the left atrium (non functioning lung)
  • Prevents the passage of blood in the opposite direction
34
Q

What is the function of the oval foramen after birth?

A

Normally closes allowing for increased pulmonary blood flow and shift of pressure to the left atrium.

Septum primum fuses with the septum secundum

35
Q

What is the oval fossa?

A

Remnant of foetal oval foramen

36
Q

How does hole in the heart arise?

A

Non closure - no fusino between the septum primum and the septum secundum

37
Q

What are the 4 clinically significant types of ASD?

A

A)Foramen secundum defect

B)Endocardial cushion defect with foramen primum defect

C)Sinus venosus defect

D)Common atrium

The first two types are more common

38
Q

What is the opening called formed by the muscular ventricular septum?

A

Interventricular septum

39
Q

How is the membranous interventricular septum formed?

A

Aorticopulmonary septum rotates and fuses with muscular ventricular septum to form membranous interventricular septum, closing interventricular foramen.

40
Q

What is the role of the endocarial cushions in partitioning?

A

Separates the atria from ventricles

Contributes to atrial septation

Contributes to the membranous portion of the interventricular septum

41
Q

When does partitioning of the bulbus cordis occur?

A

5th week of development

42
Q

How is the aorticopulmonary septum created?

A

Spiralling of the bulbus cordis and the truncus arteriosis resulting in the formation of aorticopulmonary septum. •This septum divides BC and TA in to aorta and pulmonary trunk

43
Q

What is the most common congenital heart disease?

A

Ventricular septal defect

44
Q

When does the SA node develop?

A

During week 5

45
Q

Where is the SA node?

A

•Adult location of SA node – High in the right atrium near the entrance of the SVC

46
Q

Where do the av node and the bundle of his form?

A

From cells of AV canal and sinus venosus

47
Q

What is Cot death or sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) caused by?

A

Cause – abnormalities of conducting

tissue

48
Q

Look

A
49
Q

Who are more likely to be affected from congenital heart disease?

A

Males

ASD more common in females

VSD is more common in males

50
Q

What are the causes of congenital heart disease?

A

Aetiology - Multifactorial

  • Rubella infection in pregnency (PDA)
  • Maternal alcohol abuse (septal defects)
  • Maternal drug treatment and radiation
  • Genetic - 8%
  • Chromosomal – 2% (Down’s and Turner’s syndrome)
51
Q

What is a common cause of cyanotic disease in newborn infants?

A

Transposition of great vessels

52
Q

How does transposition result in complications?

A

•Permit exchange of systemic and pulmonary circulation

53
Q

What causes transposition of great vessels?

A

Failure of aorticopulmonary septum to take a spiral course

Defective migration of neural crest cells

54
Q

What are the heart defects associated with the tetralogy of fallot?

A
  1. Pulmonary stenosis (obstruction of right ventricular outflow)
  2. Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
  3. Dextroposition of aorta (“overriding” aorta)
  4. Right ventricular hypertrophy
55
Q

What is the cause of tetralogy of fallot?

A

Unequal division of the conus due to anterior displacement of aorticopulmonary septum

Semester 2 (150 decks)

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