development of the GU system

Question 1

when does gastrulation happen

Answer 1

week 3

Question 2

when does cephalo-caudal and lateral folding happen

Answer 2

18 days

Question 3

what does folding create

Answer 3

tube of pharynx and oesophagus, stomach, GI tract, glands

Question 4

what is the allantois

Answer 4

a sac that is part of the conceptus that helps the embryo handle waste
later becomes a canal that drains the urinary bladder of the fetus that joins the umbilical cord

Question 5

what does the urogenital sinus form

Answer 5

urethra and bladder

Question 6

what separates the cloaca into the urogenital sinus and rectum

Answer 6

urorectal septum

Question 7

what tissue makes up the posterior abdominal wall

Answer 7

the mesoderm

Question 8

what do the lateral folds do

Answer 8

close the body wall and enclose the intraembryonic coelom

Question 9

what tissue makes up the somites adjacent to the notochord and neural tub

Answer 9

mesoderm

Question 10

what does the lateral plate mesoderm form

Answer 10

the coelom

Question 11

what does the coelom become

Answer 11

the peritoneal cavity

Question 12

what are the 3 stages of the renal primordia

Answer 12

pronephros
mesonephros
metanephros

Question 13

where do the renal primordia form

Answer 13

in the mesoderm of the posterior abdominal walls

Question 14

where do the mesonephric ducts open in to

Answer 14

the cloaca

Question 15

what two structures make up the kidney

Answer 15

ureteric bud and the metanephric blastema

Question 16

what does the ureteric bud form

Answer 16

the ureter and collecting ducts

Question 17

what does the metanephros form

Answer 17

the renal tissue (glomeruli and loops of Henle)

Question 18

when is the kidney functional

Answer 18

10 weeks

Question 19

what happens if the collecting ducts do not meet the nephric vesicles

Answer 19

cysts form within the kidney

Question 20

what congenital kidney defects may arise

Answer 20

pelvic kidney and horseshoe kidney

Question 21

what abnormalities may arise in the ureter

Answer 21

bifid ureter

failure to branch leading to renal agenesis

Question 22

what is the urachus

Answer 22

a fibrous remnant of the allantois which is a canal that drains the urinary bladder of the fetus that joins and runs within the umbilical cord.

Question 23

what does the urorectal septum become

Answer 23

the perineal body

Question 24

how does the anal canal form

Answer 24

cloacal membrane ruptures

Question 25

what forms the phallus

Answer 25

the genital tubercle

Question 26

what does the proximal part of the UG sinus form

Answer 26

the bladder

Question 27

what does the pelvic part of the UG sinus form

Answer 27

the prostatic and membranous urethrae

Question 28

what four structures contribute to the urinary system

Answer 28

the metanephros, uteric bud, urogenital sinus and the allantois

Question 29

what do mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts form

Answer 29

the reproductive ducts and structures

Question 30

what forms the gonad

Answer 30

``` mesoderm of the genital ridge which is developed from the overlying coelomic epithelium; and germ cells that have migrated from the yolk sac ```

Question 31

what cells go on to produce ova and sperm

Answer 31

germ cells

Question 32

what forms the female genitalia

Answer 32

the paramesonephric duct | the mesonephric duct degenerates due to lack of testosterone

Question 33

what is a Gartner's cyst

Answer 33

a remnant of the mesonephric ducts which form cysts near the vagina, epoophoron and paraoophoron

Question 34

at what week does sexual differentation occur

Answer 34

week 8 to week 12

Question 35

what is the appendix epididymis

Answer 35

remnant of the proximal end of the mesonephric ducts

Question 36

what is the appendix testis and prostatic utricle

Answer 36

remnants of the paramesonephric ducts

Question 37

what does the mesonephric duct form when it moves caudally

Answer 37

the epididymis, vas and seminal vesicle

Question 38

what is the sino vaginal bulb derived from

Answer 38

the posterior aspect of the urogenital sinus

Question 39

what do the two paramesonephric ducts fuse with

Answer 39

the sino vaginal bulb

Question 40

how does proximal vagina and uterus form

Answer 40

the ducts zip together in a cranial direction

Question 41

how do the uterine tubes form

Answer 41

the Mullerian ducts stay seperate as the left and right uterine tubes with fimbriated ends that open into the peritoneal cavity

Question 42

how does the broad ligament form

Answer 42

As the ducts lift off the posterior abdominal wall they lift peritoneum as the broad ligament

Question 43

describe some uterine abnormalities

Answer 43

``` double uterus and double vagina double uterus bicornate uterus separated uterus unicornate uterus cervical atresia ```

Question 44

what is the gubernaculum

Answer 44

a cord that connects the testes with the bottom of the labioscrotal folds and causes descent of the testes in the fetus

Question 45

what two ligaments tether the gonads

Answer 45

the suspensory ligament and gubernaculum

Question 46

what does the gabernaculum do in the male

Answer 46

shrinks to draw the testes down the posterior abdominal wall to the inguinal canal then through the canal at 8 months so the testes should be in the scrotum by birth

Question 47

what does cryptorchidism mean

Answer 47

failure of the testes to descent

Question 48

what does the gubernaculum form in the female

Answer 48

round ligament

Question 49

what is the processus vaginalis

Answer 49

the testes take a loop of peritoneum with them which remains as the tunica vaginalis

Question 50

what is the tunica vaginalis

Answer 50

the serous covering of the testis

Question 51

what happens if the processus vaginalis stays open

Answer 51

indirect inguinal hernia and hydrocele

Question 52

what is hydrocele

Answer 52

the accumulation of serous fluid in a body sac

Question 53

what forms the endodermal urethral plate

Answer 53

the UG sinus

Question 54

what structures are formed by the urethral plate

Answer 54

the genital tubercle, the UG folds and the labioscrotal folds to form the external genitalia

Question 55

what forms the scrotum

Answer 55

genital swellings on either side of the urethral fold

Question 56

how does the penile urethra form

Answer 56

As the penis elongates, the edges of the urethral folds move | towards each other and fuse in the midline. the urethra 'zips up' from proximal to distal

Question 57

what is hypospadias

Answer 57

failure of the urethral folds to form or to extend along the penis and fuse the urethra opens onto the ventral surface of the penis

Question 58

why are connections and fistulae of the UG tract and the rectum/ anal canal common

Answer 58

common origin and proximity

Question 59

What is the cloaca

Answer 59

the distal hindgut which will go on to form the rectum, anal canal, urogenital system

Question 60

what structures make up the renal primordia

Answer 60

pronephros mesonephros metanephros

Question 61

where do the kidneys form

Answer 61

pelvis and then travel upwards

Question 62

if the uteric bud fails to reach the metanephros why wont the kidney form

Answer 62

the uteric bud induces development

Question 63

what are somites formed from

Answer 63

mesoderm

Question 64

what is the coelom formed from

Answer 64

mesoderm

Question 65

what is the urinary and reproductive system formed from

Answer 65

mesoderm and coelomic epithelium

Question 66

what is the vas formed from

Answer 66

mesonephric duct

Question 67

what forms the prostate and membranous urethrae

Answer 67

the pelvic part of the UG sinus

Question 68

what does the prostate form from

Answer 68

the urethra

Question 69

what is the genetic basis for female sex

Answer 69

absence of the Y chromosome and the SRY gene

Question 70

what is the SRY gene

Answer 70

sex determining region Y | found on the Y chromosome and involved in male sex determination

Question 71

what duct forms the fallopian tube, uterus and upper part of the vagina

Answer 71

Mullerian duct

Question 72

what duct forms the epidymis and vas

Answer 72

Wolffian duct

Question 73

what forms the lower third of the vagina

Answer 73

sinovaginal bulb which is an endodermal bud of the UG sinus

Question 74

what does the UG sinus form in males

Answer 74

upper -urinary bladder pelvic - prostatic and membranous urethra phallic - urethra

Question 75

what does the UG sinus form in females

Answer 75

pelvic- sinovaginal bulb - lower vagina | upper- bladder