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MD3002 > oesophageal and stomach cancer > Flashcards

oesophageal and stomach cancer Flashcards

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1
Q

name some benign oesophageal tumours

A

– Mesenchymal Tumours
– Squamous papillomas

  • Leiomyomas
  • Fibromas
  • Lipomas
  • Haemangiomas
  • Neurofibromas
  • Lymphangiomas
  • Mucosal polyps
  • Squamous papillomas
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2
Q

name some benign stomach tumours

A

– Polyps
• Non-neoplastic
• Adenomas
– Mesenchymal

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3
Q

name some malignant oesophageal tumours

A

– Squamous Cell Carcinoma
– Adenocarcinoma

rarely: 
– Carcinoid tumour
– Malignant melanoma
– Lymphoma
– Sarcoma
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4
Q

name some malignant stomach tumours

A

– Carcinoma
– Lymphoma
– Carcinoid
– Mesenchymal

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5
Q

what is alchalasia

A

inability of circular smooth muscle to relax

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6
Q

what factors are associated with squamous cell carcinoma

A
  • Dietary
  • Deficiency of vitamins (A, C, riboflavin, thiamine, pyridoxine)
  • Fungal contamination of foodstuffs
  • High content of nitrites/nitrosamines
  • Lifestyle
  • Burning-hot beverages or food
  • Alcohol and tobacco
  • Oesophageal Disorders
  • Long-standing oesophagitis and Achalasia
  • Genetic Predisposition
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7
Q

what is the morphology of SSC

A 
– small, gray-white, plaque-like thickenings that
become tumourous masses
• Three patterns
• 1) protruded polypoid exophytic (60%),
• 2) flat, diffuse, infiltrative (15%),
• 3) excavated, ulcerated, (25%)
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8
Q

what is a pleomorphism

A

a variability in the size and shape of cells and their nuclei

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9
Q

what are the histological features of SSC

A

pleomorphism
hyperchromatism
mitotic figures
degree of dysplasia

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10
Q

what are the stigmata of SSC

A 
dysphagia
cachexia
haemorrhage and sepsis
TE fistula
metastasis
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11
Q

what can cause adenocarcinoma

A

Barrett’s oesophagus
intestinal metaplasia caused by gastric reflux
tobacco and obesity
found in the lower third of the oesophagus

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12
Q

what is the morphology of adenocarcinoma

A

flat or raised patches or nodular masses
may be infiltrative or ulcerative
mucin producing glandular tissue cancer

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13
Q

describe the T in TNM staging of carcinoma

A 
T0 is carcinoma in situ
T1 invasion of submucosa
T2 invasion of muscularis propria
T3 invasion of adventitia
T4 invasion of adjacent structures
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14
Q

describe N staging

A

N0 no node spread

N1 regional node metastases

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15
Q

describe M staging

A

M0 no distant spread

M1 distant metastases

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16
Q

describe the stigmata of adenocarcinoma

A
  • Dysphagia
  • Progressive weight loss
  • Bleeding
  • Chest pain
  • Vomiting
  • Heartburn
  • Regurgitation
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17
Q

what does sessile and pedunculated mean

A

sessile- no stalk

pedunculated- stalked

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18
Q

what is the most common type of stomach cancer

A

gastric carcinoma

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19
Q

What are the risk factors for gastric carcinoma

Study These Flashcards
A 
• Infection by H. pylori
• Diet
• Low socioeconomic status
• Cigarette smoking
• Chronic gastritis
• Gastric adenomas
• Barrett oesophagus
 Slightly increased risk
with blood group A
 Family history
 Hereditary nonpolyposis
colon cancer syndrome
 Familial gastric
carcinoma syndrome
20
Q

where in the stomach are cancers most common

Study These Flashcards
A

pylorus and antrum

21
Q

what type of growth patterns might be found

Study These Flashcards
A

exophytic
flat/ depressed
excavated
linitis plastica

22
Q

what are the features of linitis plastica

Study These Flashcards
A

‘leather bottle’
diffuse infiltrative gastric carcinoma
thickened gastric wall
mucosal erosion

23
Q

how might tumours be diagnosed

24
Q

what are the two types of adenocarcinoma in Lauren classification

Study These Flashcards
A

intestinal type

diffuse type

25
describe intestinal type adenocarcinoma
neoplastic intestinal glands resembline colonic adenocarcinoma cells often contain apical mucin vacuoles and abundant mucin
26
describe diffuse type adenocarcinoma
composed of gastric-type mucous cells, which generally do not form glands, but rather permeate the mucosa and wall as scattered individual cells or small clusters in an "infiltrative" growth pattern • mucin formation expands the malignant cells and pushes the nucleus to the periphery, creating a "signet ring"
27
describe the spread of gastric carcinomas
All gastric carcinomas eventually penetrate the wall and spread to regional and more distant lymph nodes. – Supraclavicular (Virchow) node – Local invasion of gastric carcinoma into the duodenum, pancreas, and retroperitoneum – metastases to the liver and lungs are common
28
what is Krukenburg tumour
stomach cancer metastases to the ovary
29
describe N staging of gastric cancer
N0 - no LN metastasis N1 - 1-6 lymph nodes N2 - 7-15 lymph nodes N3 - more than 15 lymph nodes
30
what are the stigmata of gastric cancer
* Asymptomatic until late * Weight loss * Abdominal pain * Anorexia * Vomiting * Altered bowel habits * Dysphagia * Anaemic symptoms * Haemorrhage
31
what is gastric lymphoma
• B-cell lymphomas of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphomas). • >80% are associated with chronic gastritis and H. pylori infection. • PROGNOSIS: 50% five-year survival commonly occurs in the mucosa or submucosa
32
what is most common form of oesophageal cancer
SSC
33
Where do oesophageal SSC most commonly occur
middle
34
what kind of tumour is a small grey plaque like thickening
SSC
35
What do SSCs most commonly look like
protruded polypoid exophytic
36
what are the possible complications of an SSC
sepsis, fistula, haemorrhage, dysphagia
37
what cancer does Barrets oesophagus become
adenocarcinoma
38
what is the most common type of stomach cancer
gastric carcinoma
39
what cells are found in the antrum
mucous cells and G cells
40
what cells are found in the fundus
parietal cells and chief cells (pepsin)
41
what cells are found in the cardia
mucous
42
where do gastric carcinomas normally occur
pylorus and antrum
43
what are gastric lymphomas normally caused by
H pylori and chronic gastritis
44
what cancer does Barretts oesophagus lead to
adenocarcinoma | mucin producing glandular tumours
45
what benign tumours of the stomach have malignant potential
adenomas
46
what is the second most common tumour in the world
gastric carcinoma
47
what cancer are you more at risk at if you have chronic gastritis or H. pylori infection
gastric lymphoma

MD3002 (56 decks)

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