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Musculoskeletal System > Development Of The Nervous System > Flashcards

Development Of The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the germ layers?

A

Ectoderm

Endoderm

Mesoderm

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2
Q

What dies the endoderm develop into?

A

GI tract, liver lungs

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3
Q

What does the mesoderm develop into?

A

Urogenital system, CV system, muscles, bone

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4
Q

What parts of the nervous system develop from

A

Surface ectoderm: anterior pituitary, lens, cornea

Neural tube: posterior pituitary, retina, optic nerve, brain, spinal cord

Neural crest cells: adrenal medulla, autonomic and sensory nerves

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5
Q

How does the 3rd week significant to neural development?

A

3rd week development
-Notochord induces the cells of the overlying ectoderm to differentiate into neuroectoderm

  • Neuroectoderm contains neural plate and neural groove
    • Neural Tube develops and neural crest cells migrate

The neural tube differentiates into the CNS

The neural crest gives rise to cells that form most of the PNS & ANS

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6
Q

Explain neurulation

A
  • By the end of the 3rd week the neural plate consists of a wide cranial portion—> future brain and a narrow caudal portion —> future spinal cord
  • As somites continue to develop and be added at the trunk region the future spinal cord region of the neural plate is forced to lengthen
  • eventually the neural folds aapproximate and begin to fuse closing the neural groove
  • Starts on day 22 at the occipital and cervical region
  • As the tube fuses the neuroectodermal cells along the crest of the measurable folds separate
  • Neural crest cells from the junction of surface ectoderm and neuroectoderm pinch off and come to lie along the sides of the neural tube
  • A narrow canal canal is now present which gets smaller as the cells in the wall of neural tube proliferate
  • During neurulation, the ends of tube initially remain open to the amniotic cavity- these openings are the rostral and caudal neuropores
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7
Q

What are the primary brain vesicles?

A
  • Forebrain or prosencephalon
  • Midbrain or Mesencephalon
  • Hindbrain or Rhombeephalon
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8
Q

What are the secondary brain vesicles?

A
  • telencephalon
  • diencephalon
  • mesencephalon
  • metencephalon
  • myelencephalon
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9
Q

Summarize the initiation of the spinal cord development

A

Initially, wall of the Neural tube is lined by a thick layer of NEUROEPITHELIUM which forms the ventricular zone(gives rise to all the neurons and macroglia of the spinal cord)

  • Marginal zone forms superficial to ventricular zone
  • cells in the ventricular zone multiply and newly formed cells migrate to form the intermediate zone (mantle layer) between the ventricular zone and the marginal zone
  • Cells in the intermediate zone differentiate into neuroblasts which will form nucleus
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10
Q

In spinal cord development, what regions does the intermediate zone/mantle thicken?

A

The intermediate /mantle zone thickens in 4 regions

Pair of altar plates dorsally (dorsal horns)and dorsal gray columns

Pair of basal plates ventrally (ventral somatic motor and lateral horns)

  - Ventral somatic motor
  - Lateral visceromotor

The sulcus limitans separates the altar and basal plates

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11
Q

Describe development of gray and white matter of the spinal cord

A
  • Intermediates (mantle) layer forms spinal gray matter
  • Marginal layer forms white matter
  • Cavity of neural tube forms the central canal
  • ventricular zone forms the ependymal lining if the central canal
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12
Q

What are the neural tube derivatives?

A

CNS- brain, brain stem, spinal cord

PNS- Somatic motor system, preganglionic visceral motor portion

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13
Q

What are the neural crest derivatives?

A
  • Ganglion cells of the PNS
  • Sensiry ganglia of cranial nerves
  • DRG of spinal nerves
  • Sympathetic ganglion cells
  • Parasympathetic ganglion cells
  • Schwann cells (myelin in PNS)
  • Leptomeninges (pia-arachnoid)
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14
Q

Outline formation of microglia cells

A

Mesenchymal of neural tube—> Mesenchymal cell—> microglia cell

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15
Q

Outline development of of a neuron

A

Neuroepithelium—> a polar neuroblast—> bipolar neuroblast —> unipolar neuroblast—> neuron

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16
Q

Outline astricyte development

A

Neuroepithelium—>glioblast (spongioblast)—> astroblast—> protoplasmic astcyte and fibrous astrocytes

17
Q

Outline the development of the oligodendrocyte

A

Neuroepithelium —> glioblast(spongioblast)—> oligodendroblast—> oligodendrocyte

18
Q

Outline the development of of the ependymal and choroid plexus epithelium

A

Neuroepithelium—> ependyma and epithelium of choroid plexus

19
Q

The cells of the CNS are derived from two sources…

A

Mesenchyme

Microglia cell

20
Q

Neural crest diagrams

A

Come back to do this diagram

21
Q

How are meninges formed?

A

Adjacent mesenchyme condenses to form a primordial meninx with two layers

  • Inner—> derived from neural crest—> leptomeninges( Pia & arachnoid mater)
  • Outer—> derived from mesoderm —> dura mater
22
Q

Summarize veterbra development to a sentence

A

Each vertebra develops from mesenchyme of the pair of Sclerotomes which surround the neural tube and the notochord at each level

23
Q

What are the regions of the Sclerotome?

A
  • Caudally placed, densely packed cells—> forms intervertebral disc and part of vertebral body
  • Cranially placed, loosely packed cells—> forms vertebral body together with rest of dense tissue

Intervertebral disc develops from the caudal dense part of the Sclerotome

It forms the annulus fibrosus of the disc

-Hemi-vertebra occurs if one of the pairs of Sclerotome fail to develop

24
Q

Summarize the formation of the vertebral column

A

The remnants of the Sclerotome form the mesenchymal primordium of the vertebra

-Appears at the 5th week begins to convert to cartilage and later bone by the end of the 7th week when when the first primary ossification centers appear

Three ossification centers:

    1. Centrum —> body and
    1. Two neural arch centers

The neural arch (future vertebral arch) is first to ossify

25
Q

What are neural tube defects? What causes them?

A

Genetic and environmental factors are thought to be involved in the production of NTDs. Some medications like anticonvulsants and valproic acid May also cause NTDs

Prophylaxis with folic acid is recommended for all women of reproductive age

26
Q

What is spina bifida?

A

Varying degrees of failure of neural tube formation involving the caudal neurophore with accompanying defects in formation of meninges and neural arch of vertebrae

27
Q

What are the defects of Spina Bifida?

A
  • Most defects results from failure of fusion of one or more neural arches of the developing vertebrae during the 4th week
  • Defects involving the embryonic neural arches are refferred to as spina bifida; subtypes of this defect are based on the degree and pattern of the NTD. The term spina bifida denotes non-fusion of the halves of the embryonic neural arches, wh8ch is common to all types of spina bifida
28
Q

What are the types of spina bifida?

A

Occulta

Cystia with meningocele

Cystia with meningomyelocele

Cystia with myeloschisis

29
Q

Summarize spina bifida-occulta

A
  • No bulge over the bony Defect
  • No neurological defects
  • A tuft of hairs or skin dimple may be present(most common lumbosacral area)
30
Q

Summarize spina bifida-cystia with meningocele

A
  • Bulge is seen over the defect

- Contains meninges & CSF in the subarachnoid space

31
Q

Summarize spina bifida with cystia with meningomyelocele

A
  • bulge is seen over the defect

- contains meninges, cord & nerves

32
Q

Summarize spina bifida- cystia with myeloschisis

A

-Skin and bony defect with “open” spinal cord”, seen as mass of neural tissue

33
Q

Outline in detail spina bifida- cystia with meningocele

A

Lumbar presentations are most common

The cyst usually contains dura and arachnoid mater and CSF

Neurological deficits relatively uncommon

34
Q

Explain in detail spina bifida - cystia with meningomyelocele

A
  • Membranous sac can be observed which is filled with CSF
  • Remnants of neural tissue can also be observed
  • Sac contains dysplastic spinal cord, nerve roots, meninges, and vertebral bodies
  • Severe neurological deficits are common ranging from paralysis, sensory loss, bladder dysfunction
35
Q

What Is macroceohaly?

A

(Image looks like the bottle juice guy)

  • Failure of rostral neuropore to close
  • Absence of a large part of brain and skull
  • Usually embryo ps will not make it to full term (miscarriage), if born they do not live for long (days)
  • Exact cause unknown-environmental toxins, lack of folic acid
36
Q

What is hirschprung disease?

A

Rare condition where stool becomes stuck in the bowels.

Mainly affects babies and young children.

This causes the large intestines to increased in size

Musculoskeletal System (41 decks)

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