Development - Piaget

Question 1

define adaptation

Answer 1

the tendency to respond to the environment to meet one’s goals

Question 2

define organisation

Answer 2

the tendency to integrate particular observations into coherent knowledge

Question 3

define assimilation

Answer 3

the process by which people translate incoming information into a form they can understand

Question 4

define accommodation

Answer 4

the process by which people adapt current knowledge structures in response to new experiences

Question 5

define equilibration

Answer 5

the process by which people balance assimilation and accommodation to create stable understanding

Question 6

define schema

Answer 6

• organized knowledge used to guide action
• infants are born with innate schemas
• through assimilation and accommodation schemas develop in more complex knowledge about the world

Question 7

what are the central properties of Piaget’s stage theory?

Answer 7

• qualitative change
• broad applicability across topics and contexts
• brief transitions
• invariant sequences

Question 8

what did Piaget hypothesize about development?

Answer 8

he hypothesized that children progress through 4 stages of cognitive development, each building on the previous one

Question 9

what are Piaget’s four stages of his development stage theory?

Answer 9

• Sensorimotor Stage
• Pre-Operational Stage
• Concrete Operational Stage
• Formal Operational Stage

Question 10

what age does the sensorimotor stage occur at?

Answer 10

birth - 2 years

Question 11

what age does the pre-operational stage occur at?

Answer 11

2 - 7 years

Question 12

what age does the concrete operational stage occur at?

Answer 12

7 - 12 years

Question 13

what age does the formal operational stage occur at?

Answer 13

12+ years

Question 14

what is the sensorimotor stage?

Answer 14

infants know the world through their senses and through their actions

Question 15

what is the pre-operational stage?

Answer 15

toddlers and young children acquire the ability to internally represent the world through language and mental imagery
they also begin to see the world from other people’s perspectives and not just their own

Question 16

what is the concrete operational stage?

Answer 16

children become able to think logically, not just intuitively. they now can classify objects into coherent categories and understand that events are often influenced by multiple factors, not just one

Question 17

what is the formal operational stage?

Answer 17

adolescents can think systematically and reason about what might be as well as what is
this allows them to understand politics, ethics, and science fiction, as well as to engage in scientific reasoning

Question 18

what age does sub-stage 1 of the sensorimotor stage occur?

Answer 18

birth - 1 month

Question 19

what age does sub-stage 2 of the sensorimotor stage occur?

Answer 19

1 - 4 months

Question 20

what age does sub-stage 3 of the sensorimotor stage occur?

Answer 20

4 - 8 months

Question 21

what age does sub-stage 4 of the sensorimotor stage occur?

Answer 21

8 - 12 months

Question 22

describe sub-stage 1 of the sensorimotor stage

Answer 22

infants begin to modify the reflexes with which they are born to make them more adaptive

Question 23

describe sub-stage 2 of the sensorimotor stage

Answer 23

infants begin to organize separate reflexes into larger behaviors, most of which are centered to their own bodies

Question 24

describe sub-stage 3 of the sensorimotor stage

Answer 24

infants becoming increasingly interested in the world around them
by the end of this sub-stage, object permanence, the knowledge that objects continue to exist even when they are out of view, typically emerges

Question 25

describe sub-stage 4 of the sensorimotor stage

Answer 25

during this sub-stage, children make the | A-Not-B error, the tendency to reach to where objects have been found before, rather than to where they were last hidden

Question 26

what age does sub-stage 5 of the sensorimotor stage occur?

Answer 26

12 - 18 months

Question 27

what age does sub-stage 6 of the sensorimotor stage occur?

Answer 27

18 - 24 months

Question 28

describe sub-stage 5 of the sensorimotor stage

Answer 28

toddlers begin to actively and avidly explore the potential uses to which objects can be put

Question 29

describe sub-stage 6 of the sensorimotor stage

Answer 29

infants become able to form enduring mental representations | the first sign of this capacity is deferred imitation

Question 30

define deferred imitation

Answer 30

the repetition of other people's behaviour a substantial time after it has occurred

Question 31

what age in the hidden toy experiment did children not attempt to look for the hidden object?

Answer 31

4 months

Question 32

what age in the hidden toy experiment did children visually search for the hidden object?

Answer 32

4 - 9 months

Question 33

what age in the hidden toy experiment did children search for and retrieve hidden objects?

Answer 33

9 months

Question 34

define object permanence

Answer 34

- find proper definition in text book | - "out of sight, out of mind"

Question 35

who created the A-not-B task and in what year?

Answer 35

Diamond | 1985

Question 36

what is one evaluation of Piaget's stages?

Answer 36

theorists claim that infants can exhibit 'stages' earlier than Piaget suggested

Question 37

define symbolic representation

Answer 37

the use of one object to stand for another, which makes variety of new behaviours possible

Question 38

define egocentrism

Answer 38

the tendency to perceive the world solely from one's own point of view

Question 39

what is the tendency to focus on a single perceptually striking feature of an object or event?

Answer 39

centration

Question 40

what is the conservation concept?

Answer 40

the idea that merely changing the appearance of objects does not change their key properties

Question 41

what is the arranging of objects in height order?

Answer 41

seriation

Question 42

what stage is the 3 mountains task used?

Answer 42

pre-operational stage

Question 43

which stage does cognitive development culminate in the ability to think abstractly and to reason hypothetically?

Answer 43

formal operational stage

Question 44

who were three main critics of Piaget's work?

Answer 44

- Lev Vygotsky - Donaldson (Hughes) - Michael Siegal

Question 45

define object permanence

Answer 45

the concept gained by infants that an object continues to exist even when it cannot be seen

Question 46

define logical thinking

Answer 46

the process of working systematically through problems, developing hypotheses and testing them until a solution is found

Question 47

define classify

Answer 47

to group objects or events by features, they have in common

Question 48

define abstract thinking

Answer 48

thinking that does not rely on being able to see or handle concrete materials in order to be able to reason about them