Developmental aspects of lung disease

Question 1

Understand the relationship between respiratory illness in childhood and adulthood

Answer 1

lung function deficits that are established in school age lead to risk of obstructive diseases such as COPD. Early life events accelerate decline of lung function and increased problems in adult hood .

Question 2

Understand the “tracking” of pulmonary function from early life into adulthood and factors which influence tracking

Answer 2

air pollution, active smoking, parental atopy, maternal age at delivery, asthma, age, height

Question 3

• Be aware of the term remodelling

Answer 3

altering of airway structure following external influence

Question 4

Embryology stage

Answer 4

The lung bud called the respiratory diverticulum develops from the fatal foregut. From week 5 two primary lung buds are visible. These later divide into lobar buds. Cells from inner lining of lung bud develop from endoderm and connective tissue and blood vessels derived from mesoderm

Question 5

pseudo glandular stage

Answer 5

Rapid branching of airways, specialised cells such. cilia and mucous glands appear in the airways

Question 6

Canalicular stage

Answer 6

Lungs develop distal arhcitecture (gas exchange units). Type 1 and 2 cells appear. infants born ay this stage can survive but its rare

Question 7

saccular stage

Answer 7

Alveolar scan which later become alveolar after birth grow and become well formed. More surfactant is produced

Question 8

Alveolar stage

Answer 8

Lungs are independent and can sustain breathing themselves

Question 9

how can congenital abnormalities be detected

Answer 9

antenatal screening, ultrasound and MRI
Feeding issues, respiratory distress and tachypnoea

Question 10

laryngomalacia

Answer 10

Collapse of larynx- babies present with stridor or inspiratory squeak. Generally improves itself. Only concern is if it affects feeding

Question 11

tracheomalacia

Answer 11

Abnormal collapse of tracheal walls
presents with croup, barking cough. breathlessness or stridor/ wheeze
management includes physio or antibiotics if unwell

Question 12

Trachea-oesphageal fistula

Answer 12

Abnormal connection between trachea and oesophagus
Presents with choking, colour change due to being unable to clear secretions, cough and unable to pass NG tube. Treat with surgery

Question 13

CPAM- CONGENITAL PULMONAry AIRWAY malfunction

Answer 13

abnormal non-functioning lung tissue

Question 14

congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Answer 14

diaphragm develops from multiple tissues and closes by 18 weeks. but can go wrong
treat with surgery

Question 15

respiratory distress syndrome

Answer 15

due to surfactant deficiency.
Treatment is with antenatal steroids, surfactant replacement or appropriate ventilation

Question 15

respiratory distress syndrome

Answer 15

due to surfactant deficiency.
Treatment is with antenatal steroids, surfactant replacement or appropriate ventilation