Developmental Psychology Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
developmental psychology
A
focuses on the physical, mental, and social changes that occur throughout the life cycle
2
Q
nature/nurture
A
how do genetic inheritance influence our behavior ?
3
Q
continuity/stages
A
is development a gradual, continuous process or a sequence of separate stages ?
4
Q
stability/change
A
do our early personality traits persist through life, or do we become different persons as we age ?
5
Q
what are the stages of prenatal development ?
A
(1) gestation
(2) zygote - 0-14 days; 100 cells
(3) embryo - 6 weeks; cells differentiate
(4) fetus - looks human; 9 weeks until birth
6
Q
teratogens
A
harmful substances a fetus may be exposed to (ex: chemicals, tobacco, alcohol)
7
Q
what factors affect fetus development ?
A
nutrition, genetics, and exposure to teratogens
8
Q
rooting
A
turning the head and opening the mouth in the direction of a touch on the cheeck
9
Q
grasping
A
curling the fingers around an object
10
Q
stepping reflex
A
causes newborns to start a stepping motion as they touch a surface
11
Q
sucking
A
sucking rhythmically in response to oral stimulation
12
Q
moro (startle reflex)
A
throwing the arms out, arching the back and bringing the arms together as if to hold onto something (in response to loud noise or sudden change in position of the head)
13
Q
babinski
A
baby’s toes spread outward when bottom of foot is stroked, then curl inwards
14
Q
what are characteristics of “the competent newborn” ?
A
(1) reflexes
(2) cries
(3) preference for faces
(4) preference for mom’s voice
15
Q
what are the steps in brain development ?
A
pruning process & maturation
16
Q
maturation
A
orderly, sequential, biological growth pattern
17
Q
motor development at 6 MONTHS old
A
sitting
18
Q
motor development at 8-9 months old
A
crawling
19
Q
motor development at 12 months old
A
standing
20
Q
motor development at 15 months old
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walking
21
Q
infantile amnesia
A
(3.5 years); limited neural connections
22
Q
cognition
A
how people know, think, and remember
23
Q
schema
A
- a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
- “mental mold”
24
Q
assimilation
A
- interpreting one’s new experience in terms of one’s existing schemas
- (ex: all four legged animals are “dogs”)
25
accommodation
* changing one's current understandings to incorporate new information or experiences
26
preoperational stage
* 2 to 6/7 years
* learning about the world through the five senses
* fear of strangers
* children **under 6 months don't have object permanence** (separation anxiety)
* conservation
27
concrete operational
* 6/7 to 12 years
* children struggle with animism, reversibility, impulse control, conversation, and egocentrism
* simple logic
28
formal operational
* 12 years to forever
* abstract concepts
* symbols and imagined realities
* hypothetical thinking
* advanced moral reasoning
29
animism
belief that all natural phenomenon must have a supernatural cause
30
reversibility
the ability to work backwards
31
impulse control
ability to control one's impulses
32
what were some final thoughts on piaget's theory ?
* influential theory
* however, development is much more continuous
* seemed to underestimate children's abilities
33
attachment
the emotional bond between an infant and its caregiver
34
describe Harry Harlow's studies
* used rhesus monkeys
* cloth mother/wire mother
* concluded that **contact comfort** was the most important factor
35
what did Konrad Lorenz believe about imprinting ?
if attachment is important in humans, it may be important in other animals too
36
what do humans have for attachment ?
a sensitive period
37
what was Mary Ainsworth's research about ?
do different parenting styles lead children to behave differently when in a "strange situation" ?
38
what was Mary Ainsworth's research about ?
do different parenting styles lead children to behave differently when in a "strange situation" ?
39
secure attachment
* children explore their environment happily when caregiver is in view
* shows distress when caregiver leaves
* shows happiness when caregiver returns
* leads to confidence and social competence later in life
40
insecure attachment
* cling to mothers/caregivers
* less likely to explore environment
* leads to difficulty in social and romantic relationships later in life
41
**anxious-ambivalent** insecure attachment
distressed when caregivers leave and resentful when they return
42
**avoidant** insecure attachment
indifferent to caregivers leaving and returning
43
temperament
emotional reactivity and intensity; style of interacting with the world
44
**easy** temperament
adaptable, positive mood, regular habits
45
**slow to warm up** temperament
low activity, somewhat slow to adapt, generaly withdraw from new situations
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**different** temperament
intense emotions, irritable, cry frequently
47
**average** temperament
unable to classify (1/3 of children)
48
what can **early** deprivation of attachment lead to ?
physical, psychological, or social problems
49
who studied parenting styles ?
Diana Baumrind
50
**authoritarian** parenting style
* parents impose rules and expect obedience (low warmth)
* "ditatorial"
* harsh criticism
* children have a harder time with adversity later in life
51
**permissive** parenting style
* submit to children's desires
* make few demands
* use little punishment
* children often become impulsive and demanding
52
**authoritative** parenting style
* demanding and responsive (high warmth)
* set rules, but encourage open discussion
* children have higher self esteem, more competent social skills, and are better at making decisions
53
**rejecting/neglecting** parenting style
* completely uninvolved
* expect little and invest little
* leads to low self-esteem in children
54
what are the two sex chromosomes ?
x and y
55
what are examples of sex hormones ?
testosterone & estrogen
56
gender identity
* an individuals internalized beliefs about being male or female
* evolves from combination of nature and nurture
57
gender role
behaviors, traits, and attitudes associated with a particular gender
58
who developed social learning theory ?
Albert Bandura
59
social learning theory
* observation and rewards and punishments are important
* body structure and genes allow for a range of possibilities in terms of gender identity
* environment influences gender
60
when do genetics play a strong role ?
* twin studies
* pre-natal environment
* neo-natal environment
* differences in brain structure & function
61
what social influence can be placed on sexual orientation ?
almost none; attempts to modify someone's sexual orientation are rarely successful
62
adolescence
* transition from childhood to adulthood
* puberty to independence
* peer influence
63
who studied morality ?
Lawrence Kohlberg
64
what are the stages to developing morality ?
(1) pre-conventional morality
(2) conventional morality
(3) post-conventional morality
65
**pre-conventional** morality
before age 9, children show morality to avoid punishment or gain reward
66
**conventional** morality
by early adolescence, social rules and laws are upheld for their own sake
67
**post-conventional** morality
affirms people's agreed-upon rights or follows personally perceived ethical principles
68
**stage 1** of Kohlberg's Theory of moral development
* punishment and obedience orientation
* obey rules to avoid punishment
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**stage 2** of Kohlberg's Theory of moral development
* conforms to get rewards and to have favors returned
70
**stage 3** of Kohlberg's Theory of moral development
* good boy/girl morality
* conforms to avoid disapproval or dislike by others
71
**stage 4** of Kohlberg's Theory of moral development
* conforms to avoid censure by authorities
72
**stage 5** of Kohlberg's Theory of moral development
* conforms to maintain communities
* emphasis on individual rights
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**stage 6** of Kohlberg's Theory of moral development
* individual principles of conscience
74
what were Carol Gilligan's criticisms of the Kohlberg Theory ?
* male-biased theory
* said that males base their morality on abstract reasoning
* females base morality on relationships/social context
* researchers cannot generalize findings when sampling one group
75
intimacy
* the ability to form close, loving relationships
* primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood
76
early adulthood
late adolescence
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emerging adulthood
* ages 18-25
* attend college/work
* may marry in mid-20s
78
where does happiness come from for many adults ?
working in a job that fits their interests and provides them with a sense of competence and accomplishment
79
Erikson's Theory
there are innate drives to develop social relationships that promote survival (Darwinism)
80
**stage 1** of Erikson's Theory (trust vs mistrust)
* birth through age 1
* learns to depend on caregiver for comfort and support
* depending on caregiver, infant developes sense of basic trust/or lack of trust
81
**stage 2** of Erikson's Theory (autonomy vs shame & doubt)
* toddler period
* children gain sense of independence and complete some activities for themselves
* autonomy
* if parents reject children's independence, child may question if they can act on their own
82
**stage 3** of Erikson's Theory (initiative vs guilt)
* ages 3-6
* children take on complex activities
* will engage more in activites if they are successful
* may start to question abilities
* develop moral sense
* feel guilty when making mistakes
83
**stage 4** of Erikson's Theory (industry vs inferiority)
* ages 6-12
* begin to compare themselves to others
* based on these comparisons, may develop sense of industry or inferiority
84
**stage 5** of Erikson's Theory (identity vs role confusion)
* ages 12-18
* adolescents begin to discover their own identity and what makes them unique
* attempt to fit into society
* find sense of themselves or "identity crisis"
85
**stage 6** of Erikson's Theory (intimacy vs isolation)
* ages 20-40
* young adults look to form close, meaningful relationships
* may feem a sense of intimacy or isolation based on how these relationships go
86
**stage 7** of Erikson's Theory (generativity vs stagnation)
* middle adulthood
* individual begins to reflect on life's work
* those who feel they are contributing to society feel "generativity"
* those who just feel they are existing feel a sense of "stagnation"
87
**stage 8** of Erikson's Theory (integrity vs despair)
* late 60s and older
* reflecting on life
* if they felt their life had no meaning, they may feel despair
* but if they felt useful, they may feel a sense of integrity
88
does brain development stop once adulthood is reached ?
no
89
what is a physical change in middle adulthood ?
menopause
90
what are some physical changes that happen later in life ?
* sensory abilities
* health
* dementia and alzheimers disease
91
fluid intelligence
ability to reason speedily
92
crystallized intelligence
accumulated knowledge and skills
93
what are some emotional changes in middle adulthood ?
* men become more expressive; women become more assertive
* empty nest syndrome (parents sad, but their marriage imrpvoes)
94
who coined the "Stages of Grief"?
Elizabeth Kubler-Ross
95
what are the Stages of Grief ?
(1) denial
(2) anger
(3) bargaining
(4) depression
(5) acceptance
96
death deferral
increase in death rate right after important holidays or milestones
