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ap psychology > Developmental Psychology > Flashcards

Developmental Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

developmental psychology

A

focuses on the physical, mental, and social changes that occur throughout the life cycle

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2
Q

nature/nurture

A

how do genetic inheritance influence our behavior ?

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3
Q

continuity/stages

A

is development a gradual, continuous process or a sequence of separate stages ?

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4
Q

stability/change

A

do our early personality traits persist through life, or do we become different persons as we age ?

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5
Q

what are the stages of prenatal development ?

A

(1) gestation
(2) zygote - 0-14 days; 100 cells
(3) embryo - 6 weeks; cells differentiate
(4) fetus - looks human; 9 weeks until birth

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6
Q

teratogens

A

harmful substances a fetus may be exposed to (ex: chemicals, tobacco, alcohol)

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7
Q

what factors affect fetus development ?

A

nutrition, genetics, and exposure to teratogens

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8
Q

rooting

A

turning the head and opening the mouth in the direction of a touch on the cheeck

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9
Q

grasping

A

curling the fingers around an object

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10
Q

stepping reflex

A

causes newborns to start a stepping motion as they touch a surface

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11
Q

sucking

A

sucking rhythmically in response to oral stimulation

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12
Q

moro (startle reflex)

A

throwing the arms out, arching the back and bringing the arms together as if to hold onto something (in response to loud noise or sudden change in position of the head)

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13
Q

babinski

A

baby’s toes spread outward when bottom of foot is stroked, then curl inwards

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14
Q

what are characteristics of “the competent newborn” ?

A

(1) reflexes
(2) cries
(3) preference for faces
(4) preference for mom’s voice

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15
Q

what are the steps in brain development ?

A

pruning process & maturation

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16
Q

maturation

A

orderly, sequential, biological growth pattern

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17
Q

motor development at 6 MONTHS old

A

sitting

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18
Q

motor development at 8-9 months old

A

crawling

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19
Q

motor development at 12 months old

A

standing

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20
Q

motor development at 15 months old

A

walking

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21
Q

infantile amnesia

A

(3.5 years); limited neural connections

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22
Q

cognition

A

how people know, think, and remember

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23
Q

schema

A
  • a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
  • “mental mold”
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24
Q

assimilation

A
  • interpreting one’s new experience in terms of one’s existing schemas
  • (ex: all four legged animals are “dogs”)
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25
Q

accommodation

A
  • changing one’s current understandings to incorporate new information or experiences
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26
Q

preoperational stage

A
  • 2 to 6/7 years
  • learning about the world through the five senses
  • fear of strangers
  • children under 6 months don’t have object permanence (separation anxiety)
  • conservation
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27
Q

concrete operational

A
  • 6/7 to 12 years
  • children struggle with animism, reversibility, impulse control, conversation, and egocentrism
  • simple logic
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28
Q

formal operational

A
  • 12 years to forever
  • abstract concepts
  • symbols and imagined realities
  • hypothetical thinking
  • advanced moral reasoning
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29
Q

animism

A

belief that all natural phenomenon must have a supernatural cause

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30
Q

reversibility

A

the ability to work backwards

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31
Q

impulse control

A

ability to control one’s impulses

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32
Q

what were some final thoughts on piaget’s theory ?

A
  • influential theory
  • however, development is much more continuous
  • seemed to underestimate children’s abilities
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33
Q

attachment

A

the emotional bond between an infant and its caregiver

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34
Q

describe Harry Harlow’s studies

A
  • used rhesus monkeys
  • cloth mother/wire mother
  • concluded that contact comfort was the most important factor
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35
Q

what did Konrad Lorenz believe about imprinting ?

A

if attachment is important in humans, it may be important in other animals too

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36
Q

what do humans have for attachment ?

A

a sensitive period

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37
Q

what was Mary Ainsworth’s research about ?

A

do different parenting styles lead children to behave differently when in a “strange situation” ?

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38
Q

what was Mary Ainsworth’s research about ?

A

do different parenting styles lead children to behave differently when in a “strange situation” ?

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39
Q

secure attachment

A
  • children explore their environment happily when caregiver is in view
  • shows distress when caregiver leaves
  • shows happiness when caregiver returns
  • leads to confidence and social competence later in life
40
Q

insecure attachment

A
  • cling to mothers/caregivers
  • less likely to explore environment
  • leads to difficulty in social and romantic relationships later in life
41
Q

anxious-ambivalent insecure attachment

A

distressed when caregivers leave and resentful when they return

42
Q

avoidant insecure attachment

A

indifferent to caregivers leaving and returning

43
Q

temperament

A

emotional reactivity and intensity; style of interacting with the world

44
Q

easy temperament

A

adaptable, positive mood, regular habits

45
Q

slow to warm up temperament

A

low activity, somewhat slow to adapt, generaly withdraw from new situations

46
Q

different temperament

A

intense emotions, irritable, cry frequently

47
Q

average temperament

A

unable to classify (1/3 of children)

48
Q

what can early deprivation of attachment lead to ?

A

physical, psychological, or social problems

49
Q

who studied parenting styles ?

A

Diana Baumrind

50
Q

authoritarian parenting style

A
  • parents impose rules and expect obedience (low warmth)
  • “ditatorial”
  • harsh criticism
  • children have a harder time with adversity later in life
51
Q

permissive parenting style

A
  • submit to children’s desires
  • make few demands
  • use little punishment
  • children often become impulsive and demanding
52
Q

authoritative parenting style

A
  • demanding and responsive (high warmth)
  • set rules, but encourage open discussion
  • children have higher self esteem, more competent social skills, and are better at making decisions
53
Q

rejecting/neglecting parenting style

A
  • completely uninvolved
  • expect little and invest little
  • leads to low self-esteem in children
54
Q

what are the two sex chromosomes ?

A

x and y

55
Q

what are examples of sex hormones ?

A

testosterone & estrogen

56
Q

gender identity

A
  • an individuals internalized beliefs about being male or female
  • evolves from combination of nature and nurture
57
Q

gender role

A

behaviors, traits, and attitudes associated with a particular gender

58
Q

who developed social learning theory ?

A

Albert Bandura

59
Q

social learning theory

A
  • observation and rewards and punishments are important
  • body structure and genes allow for a range of possibilities in terms of gender identity
  • environment influences gender
60
Q

when do genetics play a strong role ?

A
  • twin studies
  • pre-natal environment
  • neo-natal environment
  • differences in brain structure & function
61
Q

what social influence can be placed on sexual orientation ?

A

almost none; attempts to modify someone’s sexual orientation are rarely successful

62
Q

adolescence

A
  • transition from childhood to adulthood
  • puberty to independence
  • peer influence
63
Q

who studied morality ?

A

Lawrence Kohlberg

64
Q

what are the stages to developing morality ?

A

(1) pre-conventional morality
(2) conventional morality
(3) post-conventional morality

65
Q

pre-conventional morality

A

before age 9, children show morality to avoid punishment or gain reward

66
Q

conventional morality

A

by early adolescence, social rules and laws are upheld for their own sake

67
Q

post-conventional morality

A

affirms people’s agreed-upon rights or follows personally perceived ethical principles

68
Q

stage 1 of Kohlberg’s Theory of moral development

A
  • punishment and obedience orientation
  • obey rules to avoid punishment
69
Q

stage 2 of Kohlberg’s Theory of moral development

A
  • conforms to get rewards and to have favors returned
70
Q

stage 3 of Kohlberg’s Theory of moral development

A
  • good boy/girl morality
  • conforms to avoid disapproval or dislike by others
71
Q

stage 4 of Kohlberg’s Theory of moral development

A
  • conforms to avoid censure by authorities
72
Q

stage 5 of Kohlberg’s Theory of moral development

A
  • conforms to maintain communities
  • emphasis on individual rights
73
Q

stage 6 of Kohlberg’s Theory of moral development

A
  • individual principles of conscience
74
Q

what were Carol Gilligan’s criticisms of the Kohlberg Theory ?

A
  • male-biased theory
  • said that males base their morality on abstract reasoning
  • females base morality on relationships/social context
  • researchers cannot generalize findings when sampling one group
75
Q

intimacy

A
  • the ability to form close, loving relationships
  • primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood
76
Q

early adulthood

A

late adolescence

77
Q

emerging adulthood

A
  • ages 18-25
  • attend college/work
  • may marry in mid-20s
78
Q

where does happiness come from for many adults ?

A

working in a job that fits their interests and provides them with a sense of competence and accomplishment

79
Q

Erikson’s Theory

A

there are innate drives to develop social relationships that promote survival (Darwinism)

80
Q

stage 1 of Erikson’s Theory (trust vs mistrust)

A
  • birth through age 1
  • learns to depend on caregiver for comfort and support
  • depending on caregiver, infant developes sense of basic trust/or lack of trust
81
Q

stage 2 of Erikson’s Theory (autonomy vs shame & doubt)

A
  • toddler period
  • children gain sense of independence and complete some activities for themselves
  • autonomy
  • if parents reject children’s independence, child may question if they can act on their own
82
Q

stage 3 of Erikson’s Theory (initiative vs guilt)

A
  • ages 3-6
  • children take on complex activities
  • will engage more in activites if they are successful
  • may start to question abilities
  • develop moral sense
  • feel guilty when making mistakes
83
Q

stage 4 of Erikson’s Theory (industry vs inferiority)

A
  • ages 6-12
  • begin to compare themselves to others
  • based on these comparisons, may develop sense of industry or inferiority
84
Q

stage 5 of Erikson’s Theory (identity vs role confusion)

A
  • ages 12-18
  • adolescents begin to discover their own identity and what makes them unique
  • attempt to fit into society
  • find sense of themselves or “identity crisis”
85
Q

stage 6 of Erikson’s Theory (intimacy vs isolation)

A
  • ages 20-40
  • young adults look to form close, meaningful relationships
  • may feem a sense of intimacy or isolation based on how these relationships go
86
Q

stage 7 of Erikson’s Theory (generativity vs stagnation)

A
  • middle adulthood
  • individual begins to reflect on life’s work
  • those who feel they are contributing to society feel “generativity”
  • those who just feel they are existing feel a sense of “stagnation”
87
Q

stage 8 of Erikson’s Theory (integrity vs despair)

A
  • late 60s and older
  • reflecting on life
  • if they felt their life had no meaning, they may feel despair
  • but if they felt useful, they may feel a sense of integrity
88
Q

does brain development stop once adulthood is reached ?

A

no

89
Q

what is a physical change in middle adulthood ?

A

menopause

90
Q

what are some physical changes that happen later in life ?

A
  • sensory abilities
  • health
  • dementia and alzheimers disease
91
Q

fluid intelligence

A

ability to reason speedily

92
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

accumulated knowledge and skills

93
Q

what are some emotional changes in middle adulthood ?

A
  • men become more expressive; women become more assertive
  • empty nest syndrome (parents sad, but their marriage imrpvoes)
94
Q

who coined the “Stages of Grief”?

A

Elizabeth Kubler-Ross

95
Q

what are the Stages of Grief ?

A

(1) denial
(2) anger
(3) bargaining
(4) depression
(5) acceptance

96
Q

death deferral

A

increase in death rate right after important holidays or milestones

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