Memory

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

Question 2

flashbulb memory

Answer 2

memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Question 3

information processing model

Answer 3

• encoding - memory in
• storage - retaining memory
• retrieval - getting it back out

Question 4

multi-store model

Answer 4

memory is processed in three stages
1. sensory memory
2. short-term memory (STM)
3. long-term memory (LTM)

Question 5

sensory memory

Answer 5

very brief; less than a second to several seconds
* iconic memory
* echoic memory

Question 6

iconic memory

Answer 6

momentary photographic memory (ex: circle of light when using firework sparkles)

Question 7

echoic memory

Answer 7

sounds that are remembered for 3-4 seconds

Question 8

hepatic memory

Answer 8

remembering touch for less than 1 second

Question 9

short-term memory

Answer 9

• about 30 seconds
• vulnerable to disruptions and interference
• conscious, active processing takes place

Question 10

long-term memory

Answer 10

• stored forever
• must have some importance to the individual
• must be encoded

Question 11

semantic encoding

Answer 11

using context to involve a deeper level of processing

Question 12

automatic processing

Answer 12

unconscious encoding of indicidental information

Question 13

space

Answer 13

you’ve know where you’ve been

Question 14

time

Answer 14

sequence of events

Question 15

frequency

Answer 15

how many times things have happened

Question 16

implicit memories

Answer 16

memories we retain without conscious effort and awareness; non-declarative

Question 17

selective attention

Answer 17

focusing on something deliberately

Question 18

deep processing

Answer 18

combining elaborative encoding with a meaningful analysis of ideas being learned

Question 19

state-dependent memories

Answer 19

if someone is in a certain state of consciousness when they learn something, they often remember that information better when in the same state of consciousness

Question 20

mood dependent memories

Answer 20

recall better when in the same mood as when we learned the information

Question 21

rosy retrospection

Answer 21

recalling events more positively than we experienced them

Question 22

tip of the tongue phenomenon

Answer 22

knowing something, but not able to say it out loud

Question 23

déjà vu

Answer 23

feels as though you have been presented with this situation before

Question 24

primacy effect

Answer 24

tendency to remember things at the start of the list

Question 25

recency effect

Answer 25

tendency to remember things at the end of the list best

Question 26

relearning

Answer 26

easier if one spent alot of time remembering in the first place

Question 27

long term potentiation

Answer 27

strengthening of synapses that increases neurotransmission

Question 28

amygdala

Answer 28

emotional reactions (emotional memories are harder to forget)

Question 29

cerebellum

Answer 29

procedural memories

Question 30

basal ganglia

Answer 30

in the frontal lobe (play key role in forming and maintaining habits)

Question 31

hippocampus

Answer 31

processing memories and creating cognitive memories

Question 32

declarative memories

Answer 32

encoded in the hippocampus and transferred to the temporal cortex; declare that you know something

Question 33

anterograde amnesia

Answer 33

unable to create new memories

Question 34

retrograde amnesia

Answer 34

unable to remember the past

Question 35

infantile amnesia

Answer 35

not able to remember things from early childhood

Question 36

Ebbinghaus

Answer 36

* studied nonsense syllables (TUV YOF GEK XOZ) * devleoped forgetting curve

Question 37

spacing effect

Answer 37

distributed practice yields better long-term retention than massed practice (ex: studying a little every night as opposed to cramming)

Question 38

memory cues

Answer 38

things that help us remember

Question 39

proactive interference

Answer 39

when an old memory disrupts the learning and remembering of a new memory (ex: new passwords)

Question 40

retroactive interference

Answer 40

when a new memory blocks the retrieval of an old memory (ex: driving an automatic car after driving a manual one)

Question 41

repression

Answer 41

unconsciously pushing a specific memory down

Question 42

divided attention

Answer 42

attend to something without conscious awareness- automatic processing

Question 43

effortful processing

Answer 43

leads to explicit memories, past knowledge that is consciously brought into the brain

Question 44

types of long term memory

Answer 44

* episodic * procedural * prospective

Question 45

episodic memory

Answer 45

story of life you can recall and explain

Question 46

procedural memory

Answer 46

how to do things (ex: walking)

Question 47

prospective memory

Answer 47

remembering how to do something (explicit)

Question 48

memory span

Answer 48

what you can remember and repeat back using short term memory

Question 49

maintainance rehearsal

Answer 49

repearing information in order to keep it in short term memory

Question 50

chunking

Answer 50

organizing into meaningful units

Question 51

elaborative encoding

Answer 51

linking information with something we already know

Question 52

absent mindedness

Answer 52

forgetting caused by lapses in attention (ex: forgetting where you parked)

Question 53

eidetic memory

Answer 53

visual images clear enough to be retained for 30 seconds

Question 54

suppression

Answer 54

consciously pushing down a memory

Question 55

memory reconstruction

Answer 55

memory errors are frequent

Question 56

misinformation effect

Answer 56

memories can be embellished or even created by cues and suggestions

Question 57

source amnesia

Answer 57

memory faults that occur when memories are retrieved but are associated with the wrong time, place, or person

Question 58

source amnesia

Answer 58

memory faults that occur when memories are retrieved but are associated with the wrong time, place, or person