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AP Psychology > Developmental Psychology > Flashcards

Developmental Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

zygote

A

a fertilized egg

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2
Q

developmental psychology

A

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive and social change throughout the life span

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3
Q

embryo

A

the zygote’s inner cells, usually develops over the first six weeks of pregnancy

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4
Q

fetus

A

what the embryo turns into, happens in the first nine weeks

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5
Q

teratogens

A

agents (chemicals or viruses) that reach the fetus during development and cause harm

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6
Q

habituation

A

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation

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7
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome

A

when the mother persistently drinks while the baby is in the womb, causes the child to have lifelong physical and mental abnormalities

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8
Q

maturation

A

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

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9
Q

schema

A

concepts or mental molds into which we pour our experiences

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10
Q

assimilation

A

adding a new example into their existing schema

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11
Q

accommodation

A

altering an existing schema as a result of new information or new experiences

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12
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities. they lack object permanence. from birth to around 2

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13
Q

object permanence

A

the awareness that objects continue to exist even when not perceived

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14
Q

preoperational stage

A

a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic. from 2 to 6

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15
Q

conservation

A

the principle that properties such as mass, volume and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

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16
Q

egocentrism

A

pre-operational children often have difficulty taking another’s point of view

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17
Q

theory of the mind

A

people’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states - about their feelings, perceptions and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

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18
Q

concrete operational stage

A

children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about events (math, sorting). from about 7 to 11

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19
Q

formal operational stage

A

people begin to think logically about abstract concepts. reasoning expands from the purely concrete to encompass abstract thinking. beginning around age 12

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20
Q

scaffold

A

a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking

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21
Q

austism spectrum disorder (ASD)

A

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interest and repetitive behaviors

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22
Q

stranger anxiety

A

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display beginning by about 8 months

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23
Q

attachment

A

an emotional tie with another person: shown in young children by their seeking closeness to their caregiver and showing distress on separation

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24
Q

critical period

A

an optimal period when certain events must take place to facilitate proper development

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25
Q

imprinting

A

the process by which certain animals form attachments early in life, usually during a limited critical period.

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26
Q

strange situation

A

Mary Ainsworth conducted the “strange situation” experiment, in which young babies were briefly separated from their mothers in an unfamiliar laboratory environment.

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27
Q

secure attachment

A

show only temporary distress when the caregiver leaves, and find comfort in the caregiver’s return. feel protected by their caregivers, and they know that they can depend on them to return

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28
Q

insecure attachment

A

infants display either a clinging, anxious attachment or an avoidant attachment that resists closeness

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29
Q

temperament

A

a person’s innate, inborn characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

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30
Q

basic trust

A

a sense that the world is predictable and reliable

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31
Q

anxious attachment

A

people constantly crave acceptance but remain vigilant to signs of possible rejection

32
Q

avoidant attachment

A

people experience discomfort getting close to others and use avoidant strategies to maintain distance from others

33
Q

self-concept

A

an understanding and assessment of who they are

34
Q

sex

A

the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male or female

35
Q

gender

A

the socially influenced characteristics by which people define boy, girl, man, and woman

36
Q

aggression

A

any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

37
Q

relational aggression

A

an act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a person’s relationship or social standing

38
Q

roles

A

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

39
Q

gender role

A

a set of expected behaviors, attitudes and traits for males or for females

40
Q

gender identity

A

our sense of being male, female, some combination of the two, or neither (gender neutral)

41
Q

gender typing

A

the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

42
Q

social learning theory

A

theory that we learn social gender behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

43
Q

androgyny

A

a blend of male and female roles

44
Q

transgender

A

an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth-designated sex

45
Q

adolescence

A

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

46
Q

puberty

A

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

47
Q

identity

A

our sense of self; the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

48
Q

social identity

A

the “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to who am I that comes from our group memberships

49
Q

intimacy

A

the ability to form emotionally close relationships

50
Q

emerging adulthood

A

a period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties, when many in Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence

51
Q

X and Y chromosomes

A

the exact biological difference between men and women

52
Q

Primary sex characteristics

A

the reproductive organs and external genitalia that make sexual reproduction possible 0 develop dramatically

53
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

girls develop breasts and larger hips, boys’ facial hair begins growing and their voices deepen, and public and underarm hair emerges in both girls and boys

54
Q

spermarche

A

the first ejaculation in boys

55
Q

menarche

A

the first menstrual period in girls

56
Q

intersex

A

a condition present at birth due to unusual combinations of male and female chromosomes, hormones and anatomy; possessing biological sexual characteristics of both sexes

57
Q

AIDS

A

life-threatening, sexually transmitted infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) AIDS depletes the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infections

58
Q

sexual orientation

A

our enduring sexual attraction, usually toward members of our own sex

59
Q

menopause

A

when menstrual cycles end, and the ability to reproduce declines, usually within a few years of age 50

60
Q

cross-sectional

A

research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time

61
Q

longitudinal study

A

research that follows and retests the same people over time

62
Q

neurocoginitive disorders

A

acquired (not lifelong) disorders marked by cognitive deficits

63
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

an NCD marked by neural plaques, often with onset after age 80, and entailing a progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities

64
Q

social clock

A

the socially accepted “right time” to leave home, get a job, get married, have kids, and retire

65
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

believed that personality develops during early childhood and that childhood experiences shape our personalities as well as our behavior as adults.

66
Q

Jean Piaget

A

came up with the sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages

67
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

came up with the idea of how the mind grows through interaction with physical environment

68
Q

Harry and Margaret Harlow

A

did the study with the monkeys and wire and cloth “moms”

69
Q

Konrad Lorenz

A

one of the founding fathers of the field of ethology, the study of animal behavior. He is best known for his research of the principle of attachment, or imprinting,

70
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A

devised an experiment called the “Strange Situation” in reaction to John Bowlby’s initial finding that infants form an emotional bond to its caregiver

71
Q

Erik Erikson

A

developed the psychosocial model with trust v. mistrust and etc.

72
Q

Diana Baumrind

A

Her major contribution was the identification of two central dimensions of parents’ behavior — structured expectations and responsiveness — and the discovery that these dimensions in combination revealed three main parenting styles.

73
Q

Carol Gilligan

A

spurred hundreds of researchers to reframe psychology “in a different voice.”

74
Q

Albert Bandura

A

He is known as the originator of social learning theory (also known as the social cognitive theory) and the theoretical construct of self-efficacy, and is also responsible for the influential 1961 Bobo doll experiment. This Bobo doll experiment demonstrated the concept of observational learning.

75
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg

A

came up with the preconventional, conventional, and postconventional stages of development

AP Psychology (11 decks)

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