Diabetes Flashcards
(23 cards)
what is insulin?
produced by beta cells in the pancreas
It stimulates cell uptake of glucose from the blood
what is glucagon?
a hormone that is produced by alpha cells.
Glucagon stimulates liver output of glucose, by converting glycogen to glucose
what are the ranges for glucose levels?
Normal: 70-100 mg/dl
Prediabetes: 100-125 mg/dl
Diabetes: > 126
what does the pancreas secrete?
Digestive enzymes
Hormones to regulate blood sugar levels
what are the islets of langerhans?
beta cells (release insulin)
what is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
Type I (IDDM) – lack of insulin production
Insulin dependent
Type II (NIDDM) – insulin resistant peripheral tissue.
(Non insulin dependent)
what occurs during type 1 diabetes?
Pancreas stops producing insulin
Glucagon level remains high despite blood glucose levels
what are the symptoms of type 1 diabetes?
Hyperglycemia Polydipsia Polyuria Polyphagia Increased Weight loss Increased Fatigue Ketoacidosis
what are signs of ketoacidosis?
Nausea & vomiting Body & stomach pain Deep & rapid breathing Flushed face Dry skin & mouth Fruity breath order Rapid & weak pulse Low blood pressure
what occurs during type 2 diabetes?
Body cells become resistant to the influence of insulin
Presence of glucose in bloodstream no longer inhibits the production of glucagon
what are the risk factors of type 2 diabetes?
obesity Family hx Inactivity Gestational Diabetes Age Race Prediabetes
what are symptoms of type 2 diabetes?
Overweight, hypertensive Fatigue Recurrent infections Visual changes – dark skin patches Paresthesias
what are tx for type 2 diabetes?
To help insulin bind to cells
Medical nutrition therapy
Exercise
Medication
what are the acute complications of diabetes?
Hypoglycemia Diabetic Ketoacidosis Somogyi effect (early morning increase glucose)
what are the chronic complications of diabetes?
Diabetic neuropathies
Microvascular disease
Macrovascular disease
Infection
what is the most common diabetic neuropathy?
peripheral neuropathy
which type of diabetes is more likely to experience diabetic neuropathy?
type 1 diabetes`
what is peripheral vascular disease?
Narrowing of peripheral blood vessels causing poor circulation
what arteries does peripheral vascular disease occur most frequently?
Iliac
Femoral
Popliteal
Renal & Carotid Arteries
what does lower limb peripheral vascular disease cause?
Vascular ulcers
Venous ulcers
Pain at rest
Gangrene
what occurs during vascular ulcers?
Occurs at edge of foot/toe Painful Not surrounded by callus Absent or poor foot pulses Foot is cold to touch
what occurs during vascular ulcers?
Incompetent valves lead to back flow of deoxygenated blood into leg/skin
Blood not pumped back to heart and start pooling
Swelling
Brownish discoloration
tx of venus ulcers
Sustained graduated pressure
