Respiratory Conditions

Question 1

what are the 5 major requirements of the respiratory system?

Answer 1

1. Gas exchange
2. moist membrane for O2 & CO2 to dissolve in water
3. rich blood supply to ensure exchange
4. air able to warm/cool, moisten & filter
5. Must be mechanism for exchange of air

Question 2

what are secondary functions of the respiratory system?

Answer 2

O2 & CO2 exchange from bloodstream
Vocalization
Abdominal pressure regulation

Question 3

how does the respiratory system transport 02 + get rid of wastes (C02)?

Answer 3

Ventilation
Diffusion
Perfusion

Question 4

what is the purpose of the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 4

Passageway that conducts air between atmosphere & lungs to Filter, Warm, + Humidify air

Question 5

what are the parts of the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 5

Nasal cavity
Pharanx (Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx)
Larynx

Question 6

what are the parts of the lower respiratory tract?

Answer 6

Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs

Question 7

what is the purpose of the lower respiratory tract?

Answer 7

where gas exchange takes place

Question 8

what is the normal rate (eupnea) + tidal volume?

Answer 8

8 to 16 breaths/minute

Tidal volume = 400 to 800 ml

Question 9

what controls ventilation?

Answer 9

autonomic nervous system from parts of the brain stem, the medulla oblongata and the pons

Question 10

what muscles control ventilation?

Answer 10

diaphragm + intercostal muscles

Question 11

what is the vital capacity?

Answer 11

the maximal tidal volume (the amount of air that one can move in and out in a single breath).

Question 12

what is the total capacity?

Answer 12

the maximal volume of air that the lungs can hold (at the end of a maximal inspiration). It is determined as the sum of vital capacity and reserve volume TC = VC + RV

Question 13

what is diffusion?

Answer 13

Movement of gases between air spaces in lung and blood stream
Occurs in alveoli
Exchange of C02

Question 14

what is perfusion?

Answer 14

Movement of blood into and out of capillary beds of the lungs to body organs tissue
Ventilation & Diffusion = pulmonary system
Perfusion = cardiovascular system

Question 15

what are signs of respiratory disease?

Answer 15

Cough/sneeze
Sputum
Hemoptysis: coughing up blood
Breath sounds (with stethascope)
(Rales, Wheezing, Stridor)
Dyspnea: shortness of breath
Orthopnea: painful breathing 
Pleural pain

Question 16

what are nail signs of respiratory disease?

Answer 16

Cyanosis: blueish nails
Digital clubbing
Manifestations of inadequate gas exchange:
Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
Hypoxemia

Question 17

what is the issue with using digital clubbing as a sign of respiratory disease?

Answer 17

it can also mean heart diseases, cirrhosis, bowel disease etc.

Question 18

what are respiratory obstructive conditions?

Answer 18

emphysema, bronchitis, asthma attacks
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disese (COPD)
which make it hard to EXHALE

Question 19

what are respiratory restrictive conditions?

Answer 19

fibrosis, sarcoidosis, alveolar damage, pleural effusion

which make it hard to INHALE

Question 20

what are respiratory vascular conditions?

Answer 20

pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertensionInfectious, environmental other “diseases”

Question 21

what are infectious respiratory conditions?

Answer 21

pneumonia, tuberculosis, asbestosis, particulate pollutants

Question 22

what is the most common symptom of obstructive lung disease and what are common causes

Answer 22

shortness of breath
Asthma
Bronchiectasis/Emphysema
Cystic Fibrosis
Aspiration lymphoma
lung cancer 
pneumonia

Question 23

how does aspiration pneumonia occur?

Answer 23

foreign matter (often stomach content) is inhaled

Question 24

what happens during asthma attack?

Answer 24

airways become inflammed

Question 25

what are asthma triggers?

Answer 25

``` Allergens Irritants such as tobacco smoke, strong odors Weather changes Viral or sinus infections Exercise Reflux disease (Stomach acid flowing back up the esophagus, or food pipe) Medications Foods Emotional anxiety ```

Question 26

what is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

Answer 26

large group of lung diseases which can interfere with normal breathing most common: chronic bronchitis + emphysema

Question 27

what is the major cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

Answer 27

smoking

Question 28

what is emphysema?

Answer 28

``` chronic lung condition in which alveoli, or air sacs, may be: destroyed narrowed collapsed stretched over inflated ```

Question 29

what is common positioning of someone with late emphysema?

Answer 29

extreme pulmonary dysfunction will often sit up-right. In cases of real distress, they will lean forward, resting their hands on their knees in what is known as the tri-pod position

Question 30

what do restrictive respiratory disorders cause?

Answer 30

1. Atlectasis - Collapse of all or part of lung (Pneumothorax) - Gas exchange impaired - emergency - Occurs spontaneously, or as the result of disease or injury. 2. Pleural Effusion: Excessive fluid in pleural cavity

Question 31

what is flail chest?

Answer 31

restrictive respiratory sign: segment of the chest wall breaks under extreme stress and becomes detached from the rest of the chest wall

Question 32

what is infant respiratory distress syndrome?

Answer 32

developmental insufficiency of surfactant production and structural immaturity in the lungs

Question 33

what is acute respiratory distress syndrome?

Answer 33

fatal inflammation of the lung leading to impaired gas exchange causing inflammation, hypoxemia frequently resulting in multiple organ failure

Question 34

what are signs of acute respiratory distress syndrome?

Answer 34

shortness of breath, tachypnea, and symptoms related to the underlying cause, i.e. shock

Question 35

what is pulmonary vascular disease?

Answer 35

affects the blood vessels along the route between the heart & lungs. When any part of the heart-lung circuit becomes damaged or blocked

Question 36

what are causes of pulmonary vascular disease?

Answer 36

Pulmonary arterial hypertension Pulmonary embolism Pulmonary venous hypertension Chronic thromboembolic disease

Question 37

what is a pulmonary embolism?

Answer 37

when blood clot from vein (deep vein thrombosis) dislodges from site of formation & travels (embolizes) to arterial blood supply in a lung

Question 38

what are infectious diseases of the upper tract?

Answer 38

``` Common cold (Infectious Rhinitis) Sinusitis Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup) Epiglotitis Influenza ```

Question 39

what are infectious diseases of the lower tract?

Answer 39

Bronchiolitis Pneumonia Lobar Pneumonia Bronchopneumonia

Question 40

what is tuberculosis?

Answer 40

infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that typically affects the lungs (pulmonary TB), but may also occur in other organs (extra pulmonary TB)

Question 41

what are signs of TB?

Answer 41

may be asymptomatic Fatigue, weight loss, lethargy, loss of appetite, low grade afternoon fever Specific: Productive cough, night sweats, anxiety As progresses: dyspnea, chest pain, hemoptysis

Question 42

how is TB classified?

Answer 42

``` 0= no TB, exposure, infection 1= exposure, no infection 2= latent TB infection, no disease 3= clinically active TB 4= TB, not active 5= TB suspected, dx. pending ```

Question 43

what is the goal of TB tx?

Answer 43

to control active or dormant TB & to prevent transmission

Question 44

what is extra pulmonary tb?

Answer 44

When active bacilli leaves the lung via blood or lymph system and travels to other organs This extra-pulmonary site is NOT considered infectious