Diabetes Flashcards
(47 cards)
What are the risk factors of Type 1 diabetes?
no major risk factors: genetic and environment factors both play a role
What are the signs and symptoms of Type 1 diabetes?
Polyuria, polydypsia, polyphagia (increased appetite), fatigue, weakness, rapid weight loss, blurred vision
What is the renal threshold for glucosuria?
~180-200 mg/dl
What are the risk factors for Type 2 diabetes?
MUST HAVE GENETIC PREDISPOSITION. Additional factors: Age, ethnicity (african american, mexican, asian american, american indian and pacific islands), obesity, sedentary lifestyle, diet high in saturated fat, low in fiber / CHO
What signs and symptoms distinguish Type 2 from Type 1 diabetes?
Warning signs typically worsen over a long time. Also: Numbness / tingling associated with neuropathy from prolonged high blood sugar periods, more gradual weight loss, and acanthosis nigricans
What is is acanthosis nigricans? What triggers it?
Skin pigmentation disorder characterized by dark, hyperkeratin plaques found in axillae, back of neck, and other flexural areas. Triggered by high insulin levels in the blood
What puts an individual at risk for gestational diabetes GDM?
Obese women, advanced maternal age, GDM in previous pregnancy, family history, belongs to an at-risk ethnicity
How does a fasting plasma glucose work? Who is this best for?
Patient has 8-12 hour overnight fast. This is preferred for non-pregnant adults and children
How does an A1c work? Who is this best for?
Checks the amount of glycated hemoglobin, which is good because no fasting is required. Not good for children (poor data)
What are the threshold values for FPG and A1c for pre-diabetes?
100-125 mg/dl = impaired fasting glucose
5.7 to 6.4% = a1c
What are the threshold values for FPG and A1c for diabetes?
126 or above mg/dl = diabetes
6.5% or above for A1c
What is the oral glucose tolerance test and what is it best used for?
Best used in pregnancy for gestational diabetes, can use a 1 or two step strategy, two step does a non-fasting first. Fasting will ultimately need to be done in both to confirm
How high must blood glucose levels be in a random blood test to diagnosis diabetes?
> 200 mg/dl with significant symptoms
What type of sweetener is sucrose and what must be done when patients take it?
Nutritive, it is table sugar. can be substituted for another, but need to count consumption and cover with insulin / meds. Limit use
What type of sweetener is fructose? How does it affect blood sugar and what are your recommendations for patients?
Nutritive - naturally occurs in fruits and vegetables.
Less effect than sucrose on postprandial blood glucose, but has adverse effects on plasma lipids
Recommendation: avoid added fructose in processed foods
What type of sweetener are sugar alcohols and what must be considered about them?
Nutritive - 1/2 calories of sucrose
Sorbitol and mannitol are examples. Consider laxative effects if eaten in high amounts, and they do have calories so they are not “free”
What are general recommendations regarding nonnutritive sweeteners?
Acceptable Daily Intake levels (ADI) are established by FDA (1/100 level which produce observable efects). Considered safe
What is Acesulfame-K’s street name?
Sweet One
What is Aspartame’s street name?
Equal, NutraSweet
What is Saccharin’s street name?
Sweet N Low
What is sucralose’s street name?
Splenda
What is neotame’s street name?
Newtame
What is Advantame?
General purpose sweetener
What are generally regarded as safe sweeteners?
Stevia, Luo Han Guo