Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome Flashcards
What is gluconeogenesis?
Making glucose from a non-carbohydrate source and those includes fats and proteins with fats breaking down first.
When does gluconeogenesis occur?
Glucose is being spared in one way or another - either it’s not being eaten or we have a low-percentage carb load. In these conditions, gluconeogenesis is being activated.
What happens when we do have insulin?
We are generating the formation of glycogen in the liver, but when glycogen gets to be about 5% of the mass on the liver, it’s going to stop. Our body will then break down triglycerides in adipose cells to fatty acids. This will become a loop.
What is glycogenolysis?
The breakdown of glycogen. We are inbetween eating or are fasting.
When we have glycogenolysis what two things are we doing?*
Breaking apart glycogen inside the liver and also doing that inside the skeletal muscle.
**Dr. Sayer said to make a note of this
What are ketones?
Organic compounds used as energy secondary to glucose when glucose is not available.
In the absence of glucose, carbohydrates or sugar, our body (and our brain) will use what energy source to maintain homeostasis?
Ketones
What two things can happen when we break down fats?
Fat cells can break down into ketones, or we can go through glycolysis and form pure glucose.
What is ketosis?
The condition where we’re building ketone bodies in the blood.
What is ketosis?
A continuous build-up of ketone bodies (type I diabetic) where the pH starts dropping.
What is considered a low glycemic food value?
0-55
What is considered a medium glycemic food value?
56-70
What is considered a high glycemic food value?
70+
What is the underlying cause of Type II diabetes?
Insulin resistance
What are the symptoms associated with type I and II diabetes?
Frequent urination, excessive thirst, fatigue, frequent infections
What is the underlying cause of Type I diabetes?
Lack of insulin production by the pancreatic beta cells
When we think of Type I diabetes, what factors might contribute to developing it?
Genetic and autoimmune.
Someone may have a genetic predisposition to Type I diabetes but might not be diagnosed until they are in their late 20’s. This may be due to the autoimmune factor. The body has been capable of producing just enough insulin to combat blood sugar levels but over-time is no longer able to.
What are some risk factors for type II diabetes?
Having a relative with diabetes, diagnosis of gestational diabetes, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, being over 45 years of age
What are the impacts of insulin deficiency?
Hyperglycemia, osmotic diuresis, dehydration, ketoacid production, acidosis, and hyperkalemia
After a night of fasting, what should your blood sugar levels be in the morning? (What is “normal”)?
Anything less than 100 mg/dL
What blood sugar level range might indicate that someone has pre-diabetes after a night of fasting?
125 mg?dL to 100 mg/dL
What blood sugar level range might indicate that someone has diabetes after a night of fasting?
126 mg/dL or greater
Hyperglycemia can cause serious long-term problems. What are some chronic complications of diabetes?
Blindness, kidney disease, nerve damage, amputation, cardiovascular disease
How high should your blood sugar be after eating?
Nothing above 140 mg/dL
