Proteins

Question 1

What are proteins?

Answer 1

Protein is a macronutrient made from amino acids and contains nitrogen and maybe some sulphur.

Question 2

Multiple amino acids become….?

Answer 2

polypeptides

Question 3

Protein provides building- material for body tissues. What are these?

Answer 3

Muscles, enzymes, hormones, connective tissue (CT), antibodies, and RBC’s

Question 4

What are the major functions of proteins int he body?

Answer 4

Structure (bones, teeth, skin), enzyme production, movement (via muscles), communication (protein hormones and cell-signaling hormones), immunity, and regulation of pH

Question 5

Amino acids are the building blocks of ______.

Answer 5

protein

Question 6

Protein is broken down by enzymes and absorbed by teh body as _______.

Answer 6

amino aicds

Question 7

How many different amino acids do we need to make all of the proteins required by the body?

Answer 7

20 different amino aicds

Question 8

How many essential amino acids are there? Why are they essential?

Answer 8

9 essential

They are essential because the body cannot produce them. They must instead, be consumed.

Question 9

How many non-essential amino acids are there? Why are they non-essential?

Answer 9

11 non-essential

The body can produce them and they are not necessary in our diets.

Question 10

What are the essential amino acids (there are nine)?

Answer 10

Histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine

Question 11

What are the non-essential amino acids (there are eleven)?

Answer 11

alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, gluatmic acid, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine

Question 12

How much protein do you need?

Answer 12

Enough to supply adequate amounts of essential amino acids, and enough for additional nitrogen to synthesize nonessential amino acids

Question 13

**How many grams per 20 pounds of body weight should someone have a day?

Answer 13

8 grams

**know this for exam

Question 14

How many grams of protein a day should the average sedentary man have?

Answer 14

56-91 grams

Question 15

How many grams per day should the average sedentary woman have?

Answer 15

46-75 grams

Question 16

How much protein should pregnant women have a day?

Answer 16

25% more than the average daily requirement

Question 17

Protein at 25-30% of calories has been shown to boost metabolism by up to how many calories per day?

Answer 17

80-100 calories

Question 18

What is the most important contribution of protein to weight loss?

Answer 18

Its ability to reduce appetite and cause a spontaneous reduction in calorie intake

Question 19

True or False. Protein is much more satiating than both fat and carbs

Answer 19

True

Question 20

What are the best sources of proteins?

Answer 20

Meats, fish, eggs and dairy products.

Question 21

How is sickle-cell anemia caused?

Answer 21

Disease caued by a single error in the amino acid sequence of hemoglobin.

It causes red blood cells to become misshapen.

Question 22

What is denaturation (irreversible)?

Answer 22

Alteration of a protein’s 3-dimensional structure by heat, agitation, acid, chemicals, enzymes or heavy metals such as lead or mercury

Question 23

What can a fever above 105 degrees F do?

Answer 23

Denature enzymes and proteins in the body, and can cause death

Question 24

When proteins enter the stomach, what hormone is secreted?

Answer 24

Hormone gastrin

Question 25

What does the hormone gastrin do?

Answer 25

Stimulates production and release of gastric juice (HCl, pepsinogen, mucus, IF)

Question 26

What does HCl do to proteins in the stomach?

Answer 26

It denatures it.

Question 27

What does pepsin (a protease) do to proteins in the stomach?

Answer 27

It breaks peptide bonds between amino acids in the protein, producing shorter polypeptides

Question 28

What hormones are secreted by the duodenum?

Answer 28

Secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 29

What does the pancreas release in response to hormones secreted by the duodenum?

Answer 29

Bicarbonate in pancreatic juice, which neutralizes acid and inactivates pepsin

Question 30

______ are converted into active proteases

Answer 30

proenzymes

Question 31

Name the four proenzymes that the pancreas produces.

Answer 31

Trypsinogen, chymotripsinogen, proelastase, and procarboxypeptidase

Question 32

Name the active enzymes cleaved by enzymes in duodenal enterocytes.

Answer 32

Trypsin, chymotripsin, elastase, carboxypeptidase

Question 33

_____ break proteins down to tri-peptides, di-peptides, and free amino acids

Answer 33

proteases

Question 34

Where are dipeptides and tripeptides transported? What happens here?

Answer 34

They are transported into the enterocytes. Here, di-peptides and tri-peptides are converted into free amino acids.

Question 35

Name the three types of digestion a protein undergoes (in order).

Answer 35

1. Luminal digestion (oligopeptides) 2. Membrane digestion 3. Cytoplasmic digestion (free amino acids)

Question 36

Where does absorption of amino acids take place?

Answer 36

The duoedenum and the jejunum.

Question 37

Amino acids must be transported into the _______

Answer 37

brush border (enterocytes)

Question 38

What is a complete protein source?

Answer 38

Contains adequate relative amounts of all essential amino acids

Question 39

What is an incomplete protein source?

Answer 39

Contains very low amounts of one or more essential amino acids

Question 40

What are sources of complete protein?

Answer 40

Meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products Plant protein: soy

Question 41

What is protein complementation?

Answer 41

Combining foods with incomplete proteins to provide adequate amounts of essential amino acids

Question 42

What are some examples of complementary proteins?

Answer 42

Beans and corn tortillas, PB & whole bread, Rice and beans, tofu with rice, hummus with pita bread, chickpeas and rice

Question 43

What organ in the body is the main site for protein synthesis?

Answer 43

The liver

Question 44

What are the roles of the liver?

Answer 44

Detoxify drugs & alcohol, degradation of hormones, produces cholesterol and proteins including blood proteins

Question 45

What is done with excess protein?

Answer 45

It is stored as fat, broken down for energy and used to make carbs or fat

Question 46

What are the most common protein allergy foods?

Answer 46

Wheat, milk, eggs, peanuts, fish, shellfish, soy

Question 47

What is kwashiorkor caused by (protein deficiency disease?

Answer 47

Occurs mainly in children whose diet lacks high-quality protein

Question 48

What is marasmus caused by (protein deficiency disease)?

Answer 48

A diet low in both protein and calories

Question 49

What are lacto-ovo vegetarians?

Answer 49

No meats, poultry, fish but include eggs and dairy

Question 50

What is a lactovegetarian?

Answer 50

Plant and dairy products only

Question 51

What are some of the health benefits of vegetarian diets?

Answer 51

Heart disease, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, colon cancer

Question 52

How can you speed up your metabolism and get rid of belly fat?

Answer 52

1. Skip the sugar 2. Ditch flour 3. Start the day off with protein 4. Have protein with every meal

Question 53

Organic milk cows are often milked while pregnant, producing milk that's full of what?

Answer 53

Hormones

Question 54

The average glass of milk has how many types of hormones in it?

Answer 54

60

Question 55

True or False. Clinical research shows that dairy products have little or no benefit for bones.

Answer 55

True

Question 56

Amino acids can be converted to glucose via?

Answer 56

Gluconeogenesis

Question 57

What is protein turnover?

Answer 57

Balance between protein degradation and protein synthesis

Question 58

What is an amino acid pool?

Answer 58

In the body, amino acids are that are immediately available to cells for protein synthesis and other purposes