Diagnostic imaging Flashcards by Jane Pegg

Amory JT, Reetz JA, Sánchez MD, et al.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ODONTOGENIC NEOPLASMS IN DOGS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound. 2014;55(2):147-158.

WHich CAA have more cyst like structures?

intraosseous

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Amory JT, Reetz JA, Sánchez MD, et al.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ODONTOGENIC NEOPLASMS IN DOGS. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound. 2014;55(2):147-158.

Which odontogenic tumor was completely devoid of contrast enhancement?

cemento-ossifying fibroma

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Arzi B, Cissell DD, Verstraete FJM, Kass PH, DuRaine GD, Athanasiou KA.
Computed tomographic findings in dogs and cats with temporomandibular joint disorders: 58 cases (2006–2011). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2012;242(1):69-75.

What is the most common TMJ disorder in dogs?

In which skull type does it occur most commonly?

TMJ OA

Mesaticephalic

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What is the most common TMJ disorder in cats?

condylar fracture

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On which aspect of the TMJ is OA most common, and what was the most common finding here?

medial aspect, osteophytes

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Which conditions always presented with clinical signs?

fractures,

dysplasia,

ankylosis,

luxation,

tumors

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What proportion od dogs and cats with ONLY OA had clinical signs?

Dogs - 4/15

Cats - 2/4

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How common was post-traumatic ankylosis?

Not common,

none of the cats and only 2 dogs with TMJ fractures developed ankylosis

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What was the breakdown of condylar and temporal fractures in the dog and cat respectively?

cat (9) - all 9 had condylar, 1 also had temporal

dog (11) - temporal - 4, condylar process - 3, both 4

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Villamizar-Martinez LA, Villegas CM, Gioso MA, Reiter AM, Patricio GC, Pinto AC.

Morphologic and Morphometric Description of the Temporomandibular Joint in the Domestic Dog Using Computed Tomography. Journal of Veterinary Dentistry. 2016;33(2):75-82.

What did the 2 angles represent?

Angle 1 - ventral extension of retroarticular process (bigger was longer)

Angle 2 - congruency of joint - closer to 180 was more congruent

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Villamizar-Martinez LA, Villegas CM, Gioso MA, Reiter AM, Patricio GC, Pinto AC.

Morphologic and Morphometric Description of the Temporomandibular Joint in the Domestic Dog Using Computed Tomography. Journal of Veterinary Dentistry. 2016;33(2):75-82.

Which 2 breeds had the least congruent TMJ’s?

cocker, CKCS

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Villamizar-Martinez LA, Villegas CM, Gioso MA, Reiter AM, Patricio GC, Pinto AC.

Morphologic and Morphometric Description of the Temporomandibular Joint in the Domestic Dog Using Computed Tomography. Journal of Veterinary Dentistry. 2016;33(2):75-82.

Which 2 breeds had the most congruent TMJ?

Golden retrievers, shepherds

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Villamizar-Martinez LA, Villegas CM, Gioso MA, Reiter AM, Patricio GC, Pinto AC.

Morphologic and Morphometric Description of the Temporomandibular Joint in the Domestic Dog Using Computed Tomography. Journal of Veterinary Dentistry. 2016;33(2):75-82.

Below what angle do morphological changes, and partial or totla loss of congruence occur?

100 deg.

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Villamizar-Martinez LA, Villegas CM, Gioso MA, Reiter AM, Patricio GC, Pinto AC.

Morphologic and Morphometric Description of the Temporomandibular Joint in the Domestic Dog Using Computed Tomography. Journal of Veterinary Dentistry. 2016;33(2):75-82.

What was concluded regarding the retroarticular process of cavies and cockers?

dramatically reduced ventral extension of the retroarticular process may permit slight caudal dislocation of the head of the condylar process and predispose to TMJ instability

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Soukup JW, Drees R, Koenig LJ, et al.
Comparison of the Diagnostic Image Quality of the Canine Maxillary Dentoalveolar Structures Obtained by Cone Beam Computed Tomography and 64-Multidetector Row Computed Tomography. Journal of Veterinary Dentistry. 2015;32(2):80-86.

What was the only category where the CBCT was not significantly better than conventional CT?

Pulp

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Soltero-Rivera M, Engiles JB, Reiter AM, Reetz J, Lewis JR, Sánchez MD.
Benign and Malignant Proliferative Fibro-osseous and Osseous Lesions of the Oral Cavity of Dogs. Veterinary Pathology. 2015;52(5):894-902.

What is the radiographs and histologic appearance of Ossifying fibroma?

Well defined on rads

Bone replacement on histo

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What is the radiographs and histologic appearance of fibrous dystrophy?

Ill defined

bone replacement on histo

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What is the radiographs and histologic appearance of osteoma?

well defined on rads

Bony proliferation on histology

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What is the radiographs and histologic appearance of LG-OSA?

Ill defined on radiographs

bony replacement on histo +/- invasion into haversian systems

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What is the radiographic and histo appearance of cemento-osseous dysplasia (COD)?

well circumscribed, associated with tooth roots or with previous extractions

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Scherer E, Snyder CJ, Malberg J, Rigby B, Hetzel S, Waller K. A Volumetric Assessment Using Computed Tomography of Canine and First Molar Roots in Dogs of Varying Weight. Journal of Veterinary Dentistry. 2018;35(2):131-137.

What proportion of the mandible does the canine occupy in the smallest and largest dogs?

33% in smallest

27% in largest

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What proportion of the mandible does the mesial M1 root occupy in the smallest and largest dogs?

smallest - 25%

Largest - 17%

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What proportion of the mandible does the distal M1 root occupy in the smallest and largest dogs?

Smallest - 14.5%

Largest - 7.6%

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Nemec A, Daniaux L, Johnson E, Peralta S, Verstraete FJM.
Craniomaxillofacial Abnormalities in Dogs With Congenital Palatal Defects: Computed Tomographic Findings. Veterinary Surgery. 2015;44(4):417-422.

What was the most common abnormality associated with cleft palate?

abnormal tympanic bullae (8/9) - most commonly hypoplastic

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Nemec A, Daniaux L, Johnson E, Peralta S, Verstraete FJM. Craniomaxillofacial Abnormalities in Dogs With Congenital Palatal Defects: Computed Tomographic Findings. Veterinary Surgery. 2015;44(4):417-422. How common was middle ear disease?

uncommon

Nemec A, Daniaux L, Johnson E, Peralta S, Verstraete FJM. Craniomaxillofacial Abnormalities in Dogs With Congenital Palatal Defects: Computed Tomographic Findings. Veterinary Surgery. 2015;44(4):417-422. what other abnormalities were common?

hypoplastic (5) or absent turbinates (1) (4) absent or cleft vomer (4) incomplete cribriform plate (3) displaced ventricles or ventriculomegaly (1 of them had neuro signs)

Assessment of Apical Periodontitis in Dogs and Humans: A Review Robert A. Menzies, BVSc; Alexander M. Reiter, Dipl. Tzt., DVM; John R. Lewis, VMD What is the primary endogenous absorber of x-rays?

hydroxyapatite

Assessment of Apical Periodontitis in Dogs and Humans: A Review Robert A. Menzies, BVSc; Alexander M. Reiter, Dipl. Tzt., DVM; John R. Lewis, VMD What amount of focal bone loss must be present for it to be radiographically apparent?

7.1%

Assessment of Apical Periodontitis in Dogs and Humans: A Review Robert A. Menzies, BVSc; Alexander M. Reiter, Dipl. Tzt., DVM; John R. Lewis, VMD What amount of bone loss in generalized osteoporosis must be present for it to be radiographically apparent?

30-50%

Dental Radiography of the Horse Leah E. Limone, DVM1 and Robert M. Baratt, DVM, MS, DAVDC, DAVDC/Equine2 From lateral, what angle is used for apices of maxillary tooth roots?

30deg up

Dental Radiography of the Horse Leah E. Limone, DVM1 and Robert M. Baratt, DVM, MS, DAVDC, DAVDC/Equine2 From lateral, what angle is used for crowns of mandibular teeth?

up 10 deg

Dental Radiography of the Horse Leah E. Limone, DVM1 and Robert M. Baratt, DVM, MS, DAVDC, DAVDC/Equine2 From lateral, what angle is used for apices of mandibular tooth roots?

down 45

Dental Radiography of the Horse Leah E. Limone, DVM1 and Robert M. Baratt, DVM, MS, DAVDC, DAVDC/Equine2 From lateral, what angle is used for apices of maxillary tooth roots, particularly for the palatal root? what modification in young horses?

down 45 go to down 60 because of longer reserve crowns in young

In the horse, which teeth are in which sinus?

half of 08 and all of 09 in the rostral max 10 and 11 in the caudal max

Riggs GG, ArziB, CissellDD, et al. Clinical Application of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography of the Rabbit Head: Part 1 -Normal Dentition. Frontiers in veterinary science. 2016;3:93. Which structure was especially better with CBCT?

PDL

Riggs GG, CissellDD, ArziB, et al. Clinical Application of Cone Beam Computed Tomography of the Rabbit Head: Part 2-Dental Disease. Frontiers in veterinary science. 2017;4:5. What were the most common CBCT findings?

14/15 - PDL widening 13/15 - Molar/premolar malocclusion 13/15 - apical elongation 12/15 - coronal elongation 12/15 - inflammatory TR

coronal elongation correlates with apical elongation

Diagnostic Yield of Dental Radiography and Cone-Beam Computed Tomography for the Identification of Anatomic Structures in Cats Colleen M. Heney1, Boaz Arzi2, Philip H. Kass3, David C. Hatcher 2,4 and Frank J. M. Verstraete2\* Which structures were excluded because of NSD between modalities?

•right and left maxillary canine teeth, the right and left mandibular first molar teeth, and the mandibular symphysis

1.37

1.90

2.34

2.73

using 3 CBCT modalities combined, better for 17/22 landmarks

The Diagnostic Yield of Dental Radiography and Cone-Beam Computed Tomography for the Identification of Dentoalveolar Lesions in Cats Colleen M. Heney, Boaz Arzi, Philip H. Kass, David C. Hatcher and Frank J. M. Verstraete2\* for which categories was CBCT significantly better in cats?

* Horizontal bone loss * Loss of Tooth integrity * Resorptive lesions * missing teeth

The Diagnostic Yield of Dental Radiography and Cone-Beam Computed Tomography for the Identification of Dentoalveolar Lesions in Cats Colleen M. Heney, Boaz Arzi, Philip H. Kass, David C. Hatcher and Frank J. M. Verstraete2\* What was commonly found for teeth diagnosed as missing on DR?

root fragments found on MPR

The Diagnostic Yield of Dental Radiography and Cone-Beam Computed Tomography for the Identification of Dentoalveolar Lesions in Cats Colleen M. Heney, Boaz Arzi, Philip H. Kass, David C. Hatcher and Frank J. M. Verstraete2\* What was the most sensitive method for periapical lesions?

MPR

The Diagnostic Yield of Dental Radiography and Cone-Beam Computed Tomography for the Identification of Dentoalveolar Lesions in Cats Colleen M. Heney, Boaz Arzi, Philip H. Kass, David C. Hatcher and Frank J. M. Verstraete2\* What was the main benefit for the MPR that allowed more diagnoses?

The ability to obtain an unobstructed view of dentoalveolar conditions, as was obtained by use of the MPR method, resulted in a higher diagnostic yield for CBCT

Evaluation of the diagnostic yield of dental radiography and cone-beam computed tomography for the identification of anatomic landmarks in small to medium-sized brachycephalic dogs Sophie Döring dvm Boaz Arzi dvm Catherine R. Barich dvm David C. Hatcher dds, msc Philip H. Kass dvm, phd Frank J. M. Verstraete dr med vet Which landmarks were excluded due to NSD betweeen modalities?

mandibular symphysis, right and left mandibular canine teeth, right and left mandibular first molar teeth, right and left mandibular canals

1.68

1.65

2.59

2.77

Dental radiographs still had the best resolution, ie. could not see lamina dura on CBCT Finally a win for the rads

Evaluation of the diagnostic yield of dental radiography and cone-beam computed tomography for the identification of anatomic landmarks in small to medium-sized brachycephalic dogs Sophie Döring dvm Boaz Arzi dvm Catherine R. Barich dvm David C. Hatcher dds, msc Philip H. Kass dvm, phd Frank J. M. Verstraete dr med vet What was the primary difficulty in identifying anatomic landmarks?

Structural complexity of the skull of brachycephalic dogs was responsible for difficulties in evaluation of dental radiographs and that the overall diagnostic yield did not depend on resolution but, instead, depended primarily on unobstructed visibility of these structures.

Evaluation of the diagnostic yield of dental radiography and cone-beam computed tomography for the identification of dental disorders in small to medium-sized brachycephalic dogs Sophie Döring dvm Boaz Arzi dvm David C. Hatcher dds, msc Philip H. Kass dvm, phd Frank J. M. Verstraete dr med vet In which categories was CBCT significantly better than radiographs?

* Diagnostic yield for CBCT was significantly higher than that for dental radiography in these categories * abnormal eruption, * abnormally shaped roots, * Periodontitis * tooth resorption

loss of tooth integrity but not significantly different

Comparison of Standard Radiography and Computed Tomography in 21 Dogs with Maxillary Masses Carolina O. Ghirelli; Lenin A. Villamizar; Ana Carolina B.C. Fonseca Pinto what percentage did rads and CT show bone involvement?

Rads 81% CT 95%

Rads 30% CT 90%

Comparison of Standard Radiography and Computed Tomography in 21 Dogs with Maxillary Masses Carolina O. Ghirelli; Lenin A. Villamizar; Ana Carolina B.C. Fonseca Pinto What structure were rads particularly bad at assessing, and CT particularly good?

The orbit - rads showed 0 involved CT showed 10 involved

Bar‐Am Y, Pollard RE, KassPH, VerstraeteFJM. The Diagnostic Yield of Conventional Radiographs and Computed Tomography in Dogs and Cats with Maxillofacial Trauma. Veterinary Surgery. 2008;37(3):294-299. what proportion of landmarks were easy to identify on rads and CT?

17/26 easy on rads 26/26 easy on CT

rads - 6/26 CT - 0/26

Bar‐Am Y, Pollard RE, KassPH, VerstraeteFJM. The Diagnostic Yield of Conventional Radiographs and Computed Tomography in Dogs and Cats with Maxillofacial Trauma. Veterinary Surgery. 2008;37(3):294-299. what were the average number of injuries identified in dogs and cats on rads?

dogs - 4.8 cats - 3.8

Bar‐Am Y, Pollard RE, KassPH, VerstraeteFJM. The Diagnostic Yield of Conventional Radiographs and Computed Tomography in Dogs and Cats with Maxillofacial Trauma. Veterinary Surgery. 2008;37(3):294-299. what were the average number of injuries identified in dogs and cats on CT?

dogs - 7.6 cats - 7.7

fracture of the retroarticular process only occurred in presence of symphyseal separation

de Paula Silva FWG, Hassan B, da Silva LAB, Leonardo MR, Wu M K. Outcome of root canal treatment in dogs determined by periapical radiography and cone beam computed tomography scans . Journal of Endodontics. 2009;35(5):723 726. what proportion of roots overall had favourable outcomes with rads?

79%

35%

de Paula Silva FWG, Hassan B, da Silva LAB, Leonardo MR, Wu M K. Outcome of root canal treatment in dogs determined by periapical radiography and cone beam computed tomography scans . Journal of Endodontics. 2009;35(5):723 726. What factor was negatively associated with success? with which modality was it significant?

One stage therapy had more negative outcomes, but only significant with CBCT, not rads

Babbitt SG, Volker MK, Luskin IR. Incidence of Radiographic Cystic Lesions Associated With Unerupted Teeth in Dogs. Journal of Veterinary Dentistry. 2016;33(4):226-233. What are the proposed 5 criteria for dentigerous cyst? how many required for diagnosis?

1) a circular coronal radiolucency that exceeds 3 times the width of the normal canine tooth periodontal ligament space of that patient, 2) a coronal radiolucency that extends apically beyond the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) 3) the presence of a radiolucent area with a thin sclerotic rim of bone (often referred to as cortication) 4) expansion of bone lingually, buccally, or above the alveolar margin 5) root resorption of adjacent teeth or loss of the lamina dura of an adjacent tooth root 2 required for diagnosis

Babbitt SG, Volker MK, Luskin IR. Incidence of Radiographic Cystic Lesions Associated With Unerupted Teeth in Dogs. Journal of Veterinary Dentistry. 2016;33(4):226-233. What proportion of the teeth were mandibular first premolars?

68%

Babbitt SG, Volker MK, Luskin IR. Incidence of Radiographic Cystic Lesions Associated With Unerupted Teeth in Dogs. Journal of Veterinary Dentistry. 2016;33(4):226-233. What breeds were most likely to have cystic lesions with unerupted teeth?

Boxer, pug, Shih-tsu, boston - 61.8% of cysts

Babbitt SG, Volker MK, Luskin IR. Incidence of Radiographic Cystic Lesions Associated With Unerupted Teeth in Dogs. Journal of Veterinary Dentistry. 2016;33(4):226-233. What histopath changes are identified with dentigerous cyst?

stratified squamous epithelial lining and lack of keratinization may be regarded as dentigerous cysts

Babbitt SG, Volker MK, Luskin IR. Incidence of Radiographic Cystic Lesions Associated With Unerupted Teeth in Dogs. Journal of Veterinary Dentistry. 2016;33(4):226-233. What is the difference between embedded and impacted teeth?

•Impacted teeth have a physical barrier (another tooth or...) Embedded teeth are aligned correctly, just don’t erupt

Verstraete FJ, Kass PH, Terpak CH. Diagnostic value of full-mouth radiography in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 1998;59(6):686-691. In areas of dental disease, how often did rads yield additional useful or essential information?

72%

Verstraete FJ, Kass PH, Terpak CH. Diagnostic value of full-mouth radiography in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 1998;59(6):686-691. In areas without appreciable pathology on oral exam, how often did rads yield clinically important findings?

28%

Verstraete FJ, Kass PH, Terpak CH. Diagnostic value of full-mouth radiography in cats. American journal of veterinary research. 1998;59(6):692-695. In what proportion of cats were tooth resorption lesions identified that were not found on oral exam?

Verstraete FJ, Kass PH, Terpak CH. Diagnostic value of full-mouth radiography in cats. American journal of veterinary research. 1998;59(6):692-695. How often did radiographs of teeth with lesions have useful or essential additional info?

•Rads of teeth with lesions had useful info 54% of the time and essential info 32% of the time

Reiter AM, Schwarz T. Computed tomographic appearance of masticatory myositis in dogs: 7 cases (1999 -2006). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2007;231(6):924-930. what were the precontrast findings?

hypoattenuation in muscles

•Contrast enhancement in all dogs with inhomogenous distribution in masseter, temporalis and less often pterygoid

6/7

Cauduro A, Paolo F, Asperio RM, et al. Use of MRI for the early diagnosis of masticatory muscle myositis. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association. 2013;49(5):347. What was found on the pre-contrast T1 images?

•The T1-weighted sequences showed hypointense areas between muscles and the other muscle bellies in the examined regions

Postcontrast T1-weighted images revealed a moderate to intense increase in the affected muscles

•widespread, symmetrical, and inhomogeneously hyperintense areas in the masticatory muscles (temporal, masseter, medial and lateral pterygoid, and rostral digastricus muscles) using T2-weighted and GE STIR sequences.

Peralta S, Verstraete FJM, Kass PH. Radiographic evaluation of the classification of the extent of tooth resorption in dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 2010;71(7):794-798. In which categories of tooth resorption are the AVDC Stages applicable?

External replacement External surface External cervical

External inflammatory 46% of teeth can be classified.

Do not work for any teeth with internal resorption of any variety

Peralta S, Verstraete FJM, Kass PH. Radiographic evaluation of the classification of the extent of tooth resorption in dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 2010;71(7):794-798. overall what proportion of teeth could be identified?

90%

Peralta S, Verstraete FJ, Kass PH. Radiographic evaluation of the types of tooth resorption in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2010;71(7):784-793. What proportion of dogs had TR?

53%

Peralta S, Verstraete FJ, Kass PH. Radiographic evaluation of the types of tooth resorption in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2010;71(7):784-793. What proportion of TEETH had TR?

11%

Peralta S, Verstraete FJ, Kass PH. Radiographic evaluation of the types of tooth resorption in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2010;71(7):784-793. how often was the andreasen (human) system useful?

96%

Peralta S, Verstraete FJ, Kass PH. Radiographic evaluation of the types of tooth resorption in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2010;71(7):784-793. What were the 2 most common types of TR?

External replacement - 34% of dogs, 8.7% of teeth External inflammatory - 26% of dogs, 1.4% of teeth

Peralta S, Verstraete FJ, Kass PH. Radiographic evaluation of the types of tooth resorption in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2010;71(7):784-793. What type of TR was never found?

internal replacement

Radiographic Changes Associated with Tooth Resorption Type 2 in Cats Susann-Yvonne Mihaljevic, Dr med vet, Alice Kernmaier, Dr med vet, Svea Mertens-Jentsch What proportion of teeth showed: root not visible, complete resorption?

14%

67%

14%

3.6%

Lommer MJ, Verstraete FJ. Prevalence of odontoclastic resorption lesions and periapical radiographic lucencies in cats: 265 cases (1995-1998). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2000;217(12):1866-1869. What proportion of cats had TR?

60.8%

none. no significant association between them

Lang LG, Wilkinson TE, White TL, Farnsworth RK, Potter KA. Computed Tomography of Tooth Resorption in Cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2016;57(5):467-474. How sensitive is CT for TR?

42-57%

Lang LG, Wilkinson TE, White TL, Farnsworth RK, Potter KA. Computed Tomography of Tooth Resorption in Cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2016;57(5):467-474. How specific is CT for TR?

92-96%

Lang LG, Wilkinson TE, White TL, Farnsworth RK, Potter KA. Computed Tomography of Tooth Resorption in Cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2016;57(5):467-474. Is CT more likely to over or under diagnose TR?

under diagnose

Lang LG, Wilkinson TE, White TL, Farnsworth RK, Potter KA. Computed Tomography of Tooth Resorption in Cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2016;57(5):467-474. Does CT have a higher false positive or false negative rate for diagnosing TR ?

higher false negative rate

Kent M, Song RB, Glass EN, de Lahunta A. A Salivation Abnormality with Trigeminal Nerve Dysfunction in Dogs. Journal of Veterinary Dentistry. 2019;36(1):8-16. What MRI changes were identified in the dogs?

•there was a reduction in size based on the largest cross-sectional area measurement increase in mean signal intensity of the salivary glands ipsilateral to the affected nerves compared to the glands on the normal side.

Which dental film speed is most sensitive, which is least?

F is most sensitive A is the least sensitive

what makes a dental film a particular speed?

the size of the silver halide crystals

are crystals bigger or smaller in the more sensitive films?

bigger

do bigger crystals take more or less radiation?

less

how much radiation does D speed need relative to E speed?

double

how much radiation does E speed take relative to F speed?

double to quadruple

what is the drawback to larger silver halide crystals and higher speed film?

loss of resolution