Diathermy Flashcards
(82 cards)
1
Q
Energy is transmitted by
A
- Oscillatory motion in the form of magnetic waves
- Propagated through space
2
Q
Electromagnetic radiation consists of
A
- Alternating magnetic and electric fields varying over time
- Oriented perpendicular to each other
3
Q
Both electric and magnetic fields are the consequence of
A
- Attraction and repulsion of electric charges
4
Q
Magnetic effect is caused by
A
- Moving electric charges
5
Q
Electric field is caused by
A
- Stationary electric charges
6
Q
All EM waves travel through space at what speed
A
- 3x10^8 m/s
- Speed of light
7
Q
Electromagnetic spectrum is composed of
A
- Various wave energies arranged in order
- Depicts EM waves
8
Q
EM spectrum is grouped acc to
A
- Wavelength
- Frequency
- Energy
9
Q
Wave length is defined as
A
- Distance from peak of one wave to peak of another
- Can be in nm or m
10
Q
Enumerate EM waves on EM spectrum in order from widest to narrowest
A
- Radio
- Microwave
- Infrared
- Visible
- Ultaviolet
- Xray
- Gamma ray
11
Q
Wavelength is ______ proportional to frequency.
A
- inversely
12
Q
Energy unit of measurement
A
- Electron volt
13
Q
Energy of photon is computed by
A
- Frequency x plank’s constant
14
Q
Ionization is process of
A
- Removing ion from orbit
15
Q
(Ionizing/non-ionizing) can cause harm
A
ionizing
16
Q
What waves are under non-ionizing
A
- Radio
- Microwave
- Infrared
- Visible
- UV (the wider waves)
17
Q
If ionization is > ? Then it is ionizing agents
A
10 electronvolt
18
Q
Fates of em waves
A
- Reflected
- Refracted
- Transmitted
- Absorbed
19
Q
Diathermy is what wave
A
- Lower frequency Radio and microwaves
20
Q
Diathermy uses ___ as energy transfer
A
- Radiation
21
Q
Diathermy means
A
- To heat through
22
Q
Who first used diathermy and when
A
- 1892
- Jacques arsene d arsonval
23
Q
Diathermy is the use of ___ and ___ waves that produces heat
A
- Shortwave
- Microwave
24
Q
Diff types of diathermy
A
- Longwave
- Shortwave
- Microwave
25
Long wave is still being used. T or F.
False
26
Shortwave wavelength
- 30-3 m
27
Shortwave frequency
- 10-100 mhz
28
Microwave wavelength
- 3-0.03 m
29
Microwave frequency
- 300 mhz-300 ghz
30
Frequency bands of shortwave
- 13.56 mhz
- 27.13 mhz
- 40.68 mhz
31
Most commonly used frequency band of shortwave
27.13 mhz
32
Most commonly used frequency band of shortwave
- 27.13 mhz
33
Microwave diathermy frequency bands
- 433.9 mhz
- 915 mhz
- 2450 mhz
34
Most commonly used microwave frequency band
- 2450 mhz
35
Factors that affect absorption
- Amount of energy
| - Tissue type
36
SWD heats deeper vs superficial. T or F.
True
37
Ultrasound can heat a larger surface area than SWD. T or F.
False
38
SWD is harmful to periosteum. T or F.
False
39
SWD heat focuses most on
soft tissues
40
MWD has reflection of radiation. T or F.
True
41
MWD heat is concentrated on
fat
42
MWD penetrates the shallowest and therefore focuses on more superficial. T or F.
False, penetrates deepest but focuses on superficial.
43
With SWD, there is danger of overheating fats. T or F.
False, it is MWD.
44
Thermal effects are achieved in
continuous mode
45
thermal effects of daithermy (8)
- Pain control
- Inc tissue healing
- Inc blood flow
- Inc metabolism
- Dec joint stiffness
- Inc collagen extensibility
- Muscle relax
- In conjunction w stretching to inc rom
46
non thermal effects (5)
- Inc microvascular perfusion (better deliver of oxygen to tissues) - wound healing
- Modulates cell growth and division
○ Can accelerate if slow and inhibit if fast
- Accelerates calcium binding to calmodulin
○ Calmodulin activates cross brisges
- Inc rate of phagocytosis
Inc atp activity
47
Two methods of applying SWD
- Capacitive plates/ electric field method
| - Inductive coils/magnetic field
48
Method of applying MWD
- Magnetron (condenser)
49
Capacitive plates is made of
- Metal encased in plastic housing or carbon rubber electrodes
50
How does electric field method work?
Current flows from one plate to other (there are 2 plates), produces an electric field
51
Techniques of application for capacitive plates
- Contra-planar/ transverse positioning
○ Sandwich tissue in between plates
- Coplanar positioning
○ Apply parallel on same body surface
52
More heating will occur on plate nearer to tissue. T or F.
T
53
Diff types of electrodes/condensers
- Plates
| - Pads
54
Distance between electrodes and skin should be
- 1-3 inches
55
In capacitive plates heating occurs mostly on
- Tissues with conductivity
○ Muscle
- Produces more heat on superficial tissues
56
Fats can block effectivity of capacitive plates. T or F.
True
57
Inductive coil/magnetic field method
- AC produces magnetic field
- Induces electrical eddy currents in tissues
- Oscillation of charged particles
- Friction generates heat
58
Types of electrodes
```
- Drums
○ Diplode
○ Monode
- Sleeves with cables
○ Circumferential on limbs
```
59
Inductive coils heats which part the most
- Tissues with highest conductivity
○ Muscles
- Heats tissues closest to applicator
60
Fat is not an issue when it comes to inductive coils. T or F.
True
61
Distance for inductive coil
slight air gap
62
Factors affecting field distribution in shortwave
- Spacing
○ Closer = more superficial
- Electrode size
○ Smaller = more superficial
63
Magnetron (condenser)
- Produces high frequency AC in antenna to create em field
| - Microwave
64
Magnetron is used for
- Smaller more defined areas
65
Tissue heating effect of magnetron
- Most heating occurs on tissues with highest conductivity
| - Focus on relatively superficial structures (skin and fat)
66
Distance of magnetron
- Few inches
67
Inductive coil heating on fat, muscle, and bone
- Fat: minimum
- Muscle: maximum
- Bone: none
68
Capacitive plate heating on fat, muscle, and bone
- Fat: maximum
- Muscle: moderate
- Bone: low
69
Magnetron heating on fat, muscle, and bone
- Fat: maximum
- Muscle: maximum
- Bone: none
70
Ultrasound heating on fat, muscle, and bone
- Fat: slight
- Muscle: maximum
- Bone: none
71
Dose 1
- Non thermal
| - Acute injuries
72
Dose 2
- Mild heat
| - For sub acute
73
Dose 3
- Moderate comfortable heat
| - Pain muscle spasm, chronic inflammation
74
Dose 4
- Vigorous
| - Blood flow increase, heating of collagen fibers for stretching
75
Thermal indications
- Pain control
- Accelerate tissue healing
- Decrease joint stiffness
- Increase soft tissue extensibility
76
non-thermal indications
- Pain and edema due to modification of cell membrane function
- Soft tissue healing
○ Inc collagen formaiton
○ Inc white blood cell infiltration
○ phagocytosis
- Nerve and bone healing on animal studies
77
Contraindications
- Pacemakers
- Electronic implants
- Metal implants
- Malignancies
- Thrombophlebitis
- Over abdomen, low back, or pelvis of pregnant women
78
Contraindications for only thermal
- Eyes or testes
- Over growing epiphyses
- Hemorrhage
- Contact lenses
- Deep tissues (internal organs)
79
Precautions
- External electronic medical devices nearby should be 3-5 m away from diathermy
- Copper bearing intrauterine device
- Obesity
- Impaired sensation or circulation
- Decreased consciousness
- Over moist clothes or accumulated sweats
- Over atrophic, infected, or damaged skin
- (PSWD) Over growing epiphyses of children, for everything else it's a contraindication
- Excessive exposure of pt to radiation
○ Stay 1-2 m away from continuous
0.5-1m for pulsed
80
Adverse effects of diathermy
- Burns or blistering
81
Documentation
- Continuous SWD x distance x duration on treatment area to rationale
- Pulsed SWD x distance x duration x (how many times a day) on treatment area to rationale
82
Most commonly used dosage
- Between 2 and 3
| - Mild comfortable dry heat
