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Sociology Paper 1 - Education > Differential achievement > Flashcards

Differential achievement Flashcards

1
Q

What is the trend for social class differences in achievement?

A

Children from WC backgrounds are more likely to achieve

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2
Q

What are the 4 social class external material factors?

A

Housing
Diet and Health
Finances
Fear of debt

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3
Q

What are the 3 social class cultural external factors?

A

Parental interest
Attitudes and values
Language

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4
Q

What are the 4 social class internal factors?

A

Labelling
Setting and streaming
Subcultures
Marketisation policies

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5
Q

What are the 4 marketisation policies?

A

A-C economy
Educational triage
Cream skimming
Silt shifting

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6
Q

What is material deprivation?

A

lacking the physical necessities of life
eg. housing

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7
Q

How can poor housing affect achievement? (4 ways)

A

Inadequate space to do homework
Overcrowding finding it hard to concentrate
Poor living conditions may cause illness and affect attendance
Sleep being affected

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8
Q

What is a criticism of poor housing affecting achievement?

A

Schools can help by giving them a quiet space to study

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9
Q

How can diet and health affect achievement?

A

Poorer families can’t afford good foods with vitamins that give them energy and weakens the immune system

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10
Q

Who is the theorist for diet and health causing differential achievement?

A

Howard

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11
Q

What does Wilkinson say about diet and health?

A

Children from poor homes often face behavioural problems and hyperactivity

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12
Q

What is a criticism of diet and health affecting differential achievement?

A

Schools can now provide free school meals to help with these problems

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13
Q

How can finances affect achievement?

A

The Wc can’t afford educational necessities such as books and computers
Hand me downs may lead to bullying
Can’t afford uniform or transport

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14
Q

Who are the theorists for finances affecting children achievement?

A

Bernsteing and Young
Tanner

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15
Q

What is a criticism of finances affecting differential achievement?

A

Bursary funding
Pupil premium

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16
Q

What is the theory for fear of debt affecting achievement?

A

WC are more likely to apply for local universities to save on finances by living at home

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17
Q

Who is the theorist for fear of debt affecting achievement?

A

Reay

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18
Q

What is a criticism for fear of debt affecting achievement?

A

Scholarships and hardship funds

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19
Q

What is cultural deprivation?

A

Lacking the right norms and values for educational success

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20
Q

Who is the theorist for parental interest?

A

Douglas

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21
Q

How does parental interest affect achievement?

A

Wc parents lack parental interest as they didn’t have have good experiences in school themselves
They don’t discuss their childrens progress and don’t encourage then to stay in school after minimum leaving age

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22
Q

What is a criticism of parental interest?

A

WC parents may have work shifts so cannot attend parents evenings
Show an interest at home
WC parents feel uncomfortable in an MC school environment

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23
Q

How do attitudes and values affect achievement?

A

MC and WC have different attitudes due to planning on what what they want to do in the future and not planning which lands people in manual jobs

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24
Q

Who is the theorist for attitudes and values affecting achievement?

A

Sugarman

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25
Q

What is deferred gratification?

A

When the MC plan what they are going to do in the future

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26
Q

What is immediate gratification?

A

Thinking about what you only have to do to succeed in the moment

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27
Q

Who is the theorist for speech codes?

A

Bernstein

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28
Q

Which speech code do the MC use?

A

elaborated code

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29
Q

Which speech code do the WC use?

A

restricted code

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30
Q

What is restricted code?

A

Short, grammatically simple, unfinished sentences

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31
Q

What is elaborated code?

A

Details, explanations, spells out relationships

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32
Q

What type of speech code is used in the education system and what does it mean?

A

Elaborated which means the MC overachieve and the WC can’t get the skills needed for educational success

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33
Q

What is a criticism of speech codes?

A

He only studied 2 boys so the small sample cannot be generalised about all children- not representative

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34
Q

What did Bernstein find in his research?

A

Two 5 year old boys given pictures and the MC was able to analyse objects

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35
Q

What did Hubbs Tait et al find about linguistic development?

A

When parents use language that challenges their children to evaluate understanding their cognitive performance improves

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36
Q

What did Feinstein find about linguistic development?

A

Educated families use language in the same way and praise more which encourages children to develop a sense of their own competence

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37
Q

What is a criticism of linguistic development?

A

Educational underachievement is most likely not due to language but schools attitude as teachers have speech hierarchy

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38
Q

What does Feinstein say about parents education?

A

Parents education has an affect on children achievement through how they are socialised

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39
Q

What are examples of MC parenting?

A

Discipline and high expectations

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40
Q

What are examples of WC parenting?

A

Harsh and inconsistent- cannot learn independence

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41
Q

What is a criticism of parents education having an affect on children education?

A

Compensatory education programmes which help the culturally deprived by helping them to improve their skills, values and attitudes needed for educational success
eg. Sure start

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42
Q

What is cultural capital?

A

Knowledge, attitudes and values, abilities in the MC that can be exchanged for educational success

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43
Q

What two factors contribute to educational achievement? (cultural capital)

A

Material and cultural as they are interrelated

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44
Q

What is an example of the MC having economic capital?

A

Afford to send their child to private school and pay for tutoring

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45
Q

What is the equation for cultural capital?

A

Economic + cultural = educational success

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46
Q

What is the criticism for cultural capital?

A

Keddie- cultural deprivation is a myth and sees it as victim blaming as the WC just have different cultural values and aren’t deprived
Disadvantaged as education system is dominated by MC values

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47
Q

What are the 7 in school factors for class being a factor in educational achievement?

A

Labelling
Setting and streaming
Subcultures
Marketisation policies
A-C economy and educational triage
Competition and selection

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48
Q

Who are the 3 theorists for labelling class affecting educational achievement?

A

Becker
Hempel-Jorgensen
Rosenthal and Jacobson

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49
Q

What did Beckers study say about labelling and class in education?

A

Interviewed 60 teachers to find what is the ‘ideal pupil’ which was students from non-manual backgrounds (MC) and the WC furthest from it

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50
Q

What did Hempel-Jorgensen study say about labelling and class in education?

A

Two English primary schools
Teachers have different opinions of the ideas pupil
WC primary school- discipline problem and ideal pupil was quiet, passive and obedient
MC primary school- behaviour not an issue and ideal pupil defined by personality and academic ability

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51
Q

What did Rosenthal and Jacobsons study say about labelling and class in education?

A

Tested for IQ
Informed teacher 20% were ‘sputters’ which would show rapid intellectual growth even if they weren’t the most able and after being re-tested they showed greater gains for being labelled as spurters
Teachers expectations can affect pupils performance

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52
Q

In Rosenthal and Jacobsons study, how did teachers treat the spurters?

A

Teachers manners, facial expressions which produced a self fulfilling prophecy

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53
Q

What is a criticism of labelling affecting educational achievement?

A

Fuller- not everyone accepts the label
She studied Black girls who resisted their negative label and studied to be successful and prove teachers wrong

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54
Q

Who is the theorist for setting and streaming for class?

A

Ball

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55
Q

What did Ball study? (setting and streaming)

A

Comprehensive school where students were placed in 3 bands based on information from primary schools

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56
Q

What were the different bands that Ball found in schools?

A

First band- most able (hardworking)
Band 2- hardest to teach and least cooperative (more absences and homework rare)
Third band- least able (troublesome- WC= more disadvantaged)

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57
Q

What did Ball find in his study?

A

Non- academic factors were used to band pupils for example those whose fathers were non manual workers

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58
Q

How did teacher expectations have an impact on Balls study?

A

Bands were taught differently and encouraged to follow different paths

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59
Q

What did Douglas find about setting and streaming?

A

Those placed in lower streams suffered a decline in their IQ and higher increased IQ
MC seen as ideal students as their positive self concepts so improves achievements

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60
Q

What is a criticism of setting and streaming?

A

Schools no longer set people based on their fathers occupation

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61
Q

What are pupil subcultures?

A

Pupils of similar values and behaviour patterns that emerge as a response to the way pupil have been labelled and a reaction to streaming

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62
Q

What 2 types of subcultures are there?

A

Pro school
Anti school

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63
Q

Who are the theorists for subcultures?

A

Lacey
Willis

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64
Q

What does Lacey say about subcultures?

A

Differentiation and polarisation are how they are formed

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65
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Teachers categorising pupils according to perceived ability eg.streaming

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66
Q

What is polarisation?

A

Pupils respond to streaming by moving towards one of two opposite ‘poles’ or extremes

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67
Q

What did Willis include in his study?

A

Used group interviews and non-participant observation to find the perspective of 12 WC’s boys experiences of education

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68
Q

What did Willis’ study find about subcultures?

A

Boys known as ‘the lads’ who were in an anti-school subulture which mean they shared negative attitudes towards school

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69
Q

What did the lads do in their subculture?

A

Looked down on other pupils
Didn’t attend lessons and did little work (had a laugh)
Smoking drinking and not wearing uniform correctly
Little interest in work or gaining qualifications
Rejected authority
Racist and sexist

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70
Q

What did ‘the lads’ subculture prepare them for?

A

Manual jobs that capitalism needed to fill meaning that they will be exploited

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71
Q

What is a criticism on Willis’ study?

A

Small sample size and not big enough to generalise with most WC students

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72
Q

What are Marketisation policies?

A

Policies that have created competition between schools

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73
Q

What do marketisation policies do for the WC and MC?

A

MC students are seen as more desirable and achieve better exam results
WC students are seen as a ‘liability’ that are barriers to efforts by schools to climb league tables

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74
Q

What do marketisation policies do for schools?

A

Schools that are oversubscribed are unlikely to select WC students

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75
Q

What does Gillborn and Youdell say about streaming and the A-C economy?

A

The schools are ranked according to its exam performance and this attracts pupils and funding (league tables)

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76
Q

What is the A-C economy?

A

They focus their time, effort and resources on pupils seen as having the potential to achieve 5 grade C’s as this will improve overall performance as teachers don’t have all time they focus on MC as they are seen as having potential

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77
Q

What is educational triage?

A

Pupils are categorised into 3 types and receive extra help, resources and support and WC are seen as hopeless cases meaning they are doomed to fail

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78
Q

What does competition and selection mean?

A

Less popular schools take the less able students making them even more unpopular due to their low table position which has created class segregation between schools

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79
Q

What does Bartlett sat about marketisation?

A

Marketisation leads to popular schools cream skimming and silt shifting

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80
Q

What is cream skimming?

A

Selecting higher ability pupils who cost less to teach

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81
Q

What is silt shifting?

A

Off load pupils with learning difficulties who are expensive to teach

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82
Q

What are selective schools?

A

Schools that sit entrance exams which makes it harder for WC pupils to attend the school and the best performing schools enrolled the most talented pupils

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83
Q

What are the 4 out of school factors for gender differences in achievement?

A

The impact of feminism
Changes in the family
Changes in women employment
Changes in ambitions

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84
Q

What are the 5 in school factors for gender differences in achievement?

A

Equal opportunities policies
Positive role models
GCSE and Coursework
Teacher interactions
Challenging stereotypes in the curriculum

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85
Q

What was McRobbies study about?

A

She compared Magazines in the 1970s and 1990s

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86
Q

What did McRobbies study find out?

A

Feminism changed the stereotypes of women roles and raised expectations and in 1970 women wanted the traditional housewife role and getting married where in 1990 they emphasised career and independence

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87
Q

What is a criticism of McRobbies study?

A

Full equality has not yet been achieved
Girls have better exam results but are less likely to get the top jobs due to the patriarchy

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88
Q

What are the 3 major changes in the family in the past 30 years?

A

Increase in divorce rates
Increase in cohabitation
Increase in female headed lone parent families

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89
Q

How do changes in the family impact education?

A

Changes girls attitudes and creates a financially independent career minded role model for girls
eg. increase female headed lone parent families mean women need to take on the major income earner role

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90
Q

What is a criticism of changes in the family impacting education?

A

Most people still aspire to form a traditional nuclear family and live in one for some part of our childhoods which undermines the explanations importance

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91
Q

How has changes in women employment impacted girls education?

A

More women are in employment and are breaking through the ‘glass ceiling’ to high professional jobs which make girls take education seriously

92
Q

What is the ‘glass ceiling’?

A

An invisible barrier which means women can’t get the the top jobs

93
Q

What is a criticism of women changes in employment?

A

Most top jobs are still dominated by men
eg. MPS’s and CEO’s meaning women haven’t properly broken through the glass ceiling

94
Q

How have changing ambitions had an impact on education?

A

Sue Sharpe- women now want careers and don’t want to be dependent on their husbands

95
Q

What theorist supports Sue Sharpes study on changing ambitions?

A

O’Conner- studied 14-17 yr olds and found that marriage and children were not a major part of their life plans

96
Q

What is a criticism of changing ambitions?

A

Not all females have the same opportunities to have an independent career and there are class differences in how far girls ambitions have changed and some Wc girls continue to have gender stereotyped aspirations

97
Q

What do equal opportunities policies do for educational achievement for girls?

A

Boys and girls have the same opportunities and policies such as GIST and WISE encourage girls into non traditional careers
National curriculum has also done this
Marketisation policies- made female pupils more desirable for top performing schools and achieve better

98
Q

What is GIST and WISE?

A

Girls into Science and Technology
Women into Science and Engineering

99
Q

What is a criticism of equal opportunities policies?

A

The policies only have limited effect and there are still huge differences in the number of girls and boys taking sciences

100
Q

What do positive role models do for education?

A

The proportion of female teachers and head teachers has increased meaning that girls have role models if women in positions of power and authority which encourages them to overachieve

101
Q

What is a criticism of positive role models?

A

When women get leadership positions in schools it is often in ‘feminine’ areas which reinforces stereotypes rather than challenge them
Eg. pastoral care

102
Q

How does GCSE and coursework help girls educational achievement?

A

The way students are examined favour girls
Coursework- girls more successful as they are better organised, meet deadlines more, take care on presentation, spend time on work

103
Q

What is a criticism of GCSE and coursework advantaging girls?

A

Exams have more impact on the final grade and coursework only has a limited effect and shows girls are actually underachieving

104
Q

How do teacher interactions impact girls educational achievement?

A

Teachers respond more positively to girls than boys because girls are co-operative and boys disruptive which can lead to a self fulfilling prophecy where positive interactions raise girls self esteem and achievement

105
Q

What did Abrahams research find about teacher interactions?

A

Teachers see boys as more badly behaved than girls so now expect bad behaviour

106
Q

What did Francis research find about teacher interactions?

A

Boys get more attention and disciplined more harshly and picked on by teachers who tended to have lower expectations

107
Q

How have challenging stereotypes in the curriculum affect girls achievement?

A

Removing gender stereotypes in textbooks has removed the barrier for girls achievements to show what girls are capable of

108
Q

What does Weiner say about challenging stereotypes in the curriculum?

A

Teachers have challenged gender stereotypes

109
Q

What is a criticism of challenging stereotypes in the curriculum?

A

Radical feminists- education is patriarchal
Eg. sexual harassment of girls in schools
education limits subject choices and careers

110
Q

Who is the theorist for boys underperforming?

A

Mitsos and Browne

111
Q

What are the 3 out of school factors for why boys underperform?

A

Boys poor literacy skills
Decline in traditional male jobs
Unrealistic expectations

112
Q

What are the 3 in school factors for why boys underperform?

A

Feminisation of education
Teacher interactions
Laddish subcultures

113
Q

How do boys poor literacy skills make them underperform?

A

Girls spend more leisure time in ways that contribute to educational achievements

114
Q

What does Mitsos and Browne say about boys poor literacy skills?

A

Women more likely to read than men and girls have same sex role models (mothers) to encourage them to read

115
Q

What is a criticism on boys poor literacy skills?

A

Schemes have been introduced by government to tackle this problem such as Fathers and Sons reading campaign

116
Q

What does globalisation and the decline of traditional male jobs say about boys underperforming?

A

Decline in heavy industries such as mining and engineering due to globalisation of the economy which means manufacturing industry has relocated to developing countries

117
Q

What does globalisation do to boys and the decline of male jobs?

A

Lack motivation due to employment opportunities which has led to a crisis of masculinities

118
Q

What is a criticism of globalisation and the decline of traditional male jobs?

A

The decline has been in WC jobs and many of them are unskilled and the disappearance of jobs will not have an impact on boys’ motivation to gain qualifications

119
Q

How do unrealistic aspirations have an impact of boys educational performance?

A

Boys are often surprised when they fail exams and tend to put failure down to back luck rather than lack of effort

120
Q

What did Francis say about unrealistic aspirations for the underachievement of boys?

A

Boys have unrealistic career aspirations that require few formal qualifications and girls tend to require academic effort for their jobs so commit to schoolwork
Eg. professional footballer

121
Q

What is a criticism of unrealistic aspirations impacting boys?

A

Girls also have unrealistic aspirations today

122
Q

How has the feminisation of education impacted boys performances?

A

Schools have feminine traits such as methodical working and attentiveness

123
Q

What does Sewell say about the feminisation of education?

A

Coursework should be replaced with final exams and an emphasis on outdoor adventure in the curriculum which would advantage boys

124
Q

What is a criticism of the feminisation of education?

A

Action has been taken to tackle this problem like controlled assessment to reduce advantages girls have

125
Q

How has teacher interactions impacted boys performances?

A

Negative labelling undermines boys confidence and interest and teachers are less strict with boys, expecting a lower standard of work failing to push them to their potential
Low motivation= low achievement

126
Q

How has laddish subcultures impacted boys performances?

A

‘Macho lads’ is a subculture that is hostile to authority and learning like in Willis’ study and physical work was essential to the development of a sense of identity and boys went for unemployment

127
Q

Who is the theorist for laddish subcultures?

A

Mac an Ghaill

128
Q

What is a criticism for laddish subcultures?

A

Willis studied a small sample size meaning it lacks representativeness

129
Q

What are the 3 out of school factors for ethnic differences?

A

Cultural deprivation
Material deprivation
Racism in wider society

130
Q

What are the 5 in school factors for ethnic differences?

A

Racialised expectations
Pupil identities
Ethnocentric curriculum
Institutionalised racism
Marketisation policies and selection
Labelling: Assessment game and new IQ’ism

131
Q

How does family structure have an impact on ethnic achievement? (cultural deprivation)

A

Moynihan (new right)- many black families are headed by a lone mother and miss out on a same sex role model and black children fail and become inadequate parents

132
Q

What is a criticism of family structure? (ethnicity)

A

Ethnocentrism- viewing other cultures as inferior because they are different and distract from failings in education

133
Q

How does lack of parental support have an impact on ethnic achievement?

A

Black families lack fatherly ‘tough love’ and boys have behavioural difficulties and street gangs offer perverse loyalty and love

134
Q

Who is the theorist for lack of parental support in ethnicity?

A

Sewell

135
Q

How are black children influenced to be uninterested in education? (lack of parental support)

A

Media which shows anti-school black masculinity through raps videos and they feel pressure to conform

136
Q

What is a criticism of lack of parental support impacting ethnic differences?

A

Gillborn- not peer pressure but institutional racism that fails a large number of black boys

137
Q

How does attitudes and values have an impact on ethnic achievement? (cultural deprivation)

A

Black families- not socialised into mainstream culture for a fatalistic ‘live for today’ attitude
Asian- high aspirations and have an ‘Asian work ethic’ and families have a similar model that operates in schools

138
Q

What is an example of how Asian families are operating like schools? (cultural deprivation)

A

Respectful behaviour

139
Q

Who is the theorist for an asian work ethic in attitudes and values?

A

Driver and Ballards

140
Q

Who is the theorist for an asian families operating like schools in attitudes and values?

A

Lupton

141
Q

What is a criticism of attitudes and values for ethnic achievement?

A

Doesn’t explain Pakistani and Bangladeshi pupils performing below average at GCSE

142
Q

How do intellectual and linguistic skills have an impact on Asians’ achievement?

A

Don’t speak English at home so are held back educationally and fluency in English was a significant problem

143
Q

What is a criticism of intellectual and linguistic skills impacting Asians’ achievement?

A

men are more fluent in English and women were not fluent
Not a major factor having English as a 2nd language

144
Q

How do intellectual and linguistic skills have an impact on black childrens achievement?

A

Language spoken by low income black families as inadequate for educational success (restricted code)
Lack stimulation and no reasoning and problem solving

145
Q

Who is the theorist for black children and their linguistic skills affecting their achievement?

A

Berieter and Engelmann

146
Q

How does racism in wider society have an impact on ethinic achievement?

A

Racism makes ethnic minorities live in poverty and have the lowest paid jobs

147
Q

What did Wood et al’s study say about ethnic achievement?

A

Three closely matched job applications stereotypical and more white applications got through and EM face unemployment and low pay which has negative affects on their children educational achievement and motivation

148
Q

What is a criticism of of racism in wider society?

A

Equal opportunities legislation

149
Q

How do racialised expectations impact ethnic achievement?

A

Teachers hold racialised expectations which affects how they treat pupils leading to inequality

150
Q

Who are the theorists for racialised expectations?

A

Mac an Ghaill
Gillborn and Youdell

151
Q

What do Gillborn and Youdell say about racialised expectations?

A

EM seen to have more discipline problems, threatening and challenge to authority and are underestimated (A-C economy)
Educational triage- denied access to sets, groups and exams that give them the best chance of success

152
Q

What is a criticism of racialised expectations?

A

Fuller- Proved teachers wrong and succeed without teachers help

153
Q

Who is the theorist for pupil identities?

A

Archer

154
Q

What did Archer say about pupil identities?

A

EM seen as less ideal
Ideal pupil
Pathologised pupil identities
Demonised pupil identities

155
Q

What is the ideal pupil for ethnic differences?

A

White
MC with natural talent and work ethic

156
Q

What is the pathologised pupil for ethnic differences?

A

Asian, feminised seen as conformist who succeed through hard work not talent

157
Q

What is the demonised pupil for ethnic differences?

A

Black or white
WC unintelligent and culturally deprived

158
Q

What type of pupil are the EM?

A

Pathologised and demonised

159
Q

Who is the theorist for pupil responses and subcultures? (ethnicity)

A

Sewell

160
Q

What are the 4 ways EM students are negatively labelled? (pupil responses and subcultures)

A

The rebels
The conformists
The retreatists
The innovators

161
Q

What are characteristics of the rebels? (ethnicity)

A

Black pupils who rejected goals and rules of school conforming to the ‘black macho lads’

162
Q

What are characteristics of the conformists? (ethnicity)

A

Largest group who were boys keen to succeed, accepted schools goals and anxious to avoid being stereotyped - no subculture

163
Q

What are characteristics of the retreatists? (ethnicity)

A

Minority of isolated individuals disconnected from school and black subcultures

164
Q

What are characteristics of the innovators? (ethnicity)

A

Pro education but anti school who valued success but didn’t seek approval of teachers and distanced themselves

165
Q

What did Sewell say about pupil responses and subcultures? (ethnicity)

A

Only a small minority fit the stereotype of ‘black macho lads’ and teachers see all black boys this way

166
Q

What is a criticism of pupil responses and subcultures affecting ethnic achievement?

A

The role of peer groups and lack of a father figure are more important in producing underachievement

167
Q

How does institutional racism affect ethnic achievement?

A

Not individual but the workings of the school are racist with prejudiced views and the internal workings reinforce inequality

168
Q

Who is the theorist for an example of institutional racism affecting ethnic achievement?

A

Hatcher- Schools placed low priority on dealing with race issues and didn’t tackle against racist bullying

169
Q

What is a criticism of institutional racism affecting ethnic achievement?

A

Smith and Tomlinson- schools are tolerant of all ethnic groups with a lack of antagonism between students

170
Q

How do marketisation policies have an impact on ethnic achievement?

A

Gillborn and Youdell- Negative stereotypes influence decisions due to racism

171
Q

What is open enrolment?

A

Parents can apply to any school they would like their child to attend even if it isn’t local

172
Q

What is the assessment game? (ethnicity)

A

When black students start to achieve on a par with white students, they change the rules of the assessment so those black achieving higher are ranked as underachievers

173
Q

What does Sanders and Horn say about the assessment game?

A

Black children tend to do worse in exams that are marked by the teachers

174
Q

What is new IQ’ism?

A

Teachers decide who is in higher sets and teachers make false assumptions of their potential and teachers close off opportunities to students

175
Q

What is a criticism of new IQ’ism?

A

Gillborn- tests only show what can be done now and not what is possible in the future

176
Q

What is the ethnocentric curriculum?

A

The curriculum gives priority to white culture which can lead to lower self esteem for EM students as they are European taught languages which they don’t know

177
Q

What is a criticism of the ethnocentric curriculum?

A

Asian, Indian and Chinese students achievement is still above average and schools are now multi cultural

178
Q

What are 3 examples of the ethnocentric curriculum?

A

English literature
History
Languages

179
Q

What are the 3 ways class and subject choice crosses over?

A

The status of vocational courses
Teacher labelling
Cultural attitudes of parents

180
Q

What are vocational courses?

A

Vocational courses prepares pupils for a particular work role but they often have a lower status which leads to lower paid jobs- passive and docile workers (WC)

181
Q

What is a criticism of vocational courses?

A

T levels have begun to raise the status of vocational education and has beneficial effects for the economy

182
Q

Who is the theorist for cultural attitudes of parents?

A

Sugarman

183
Q

What are the 4 ways gender and subject choice link?

A

Gender role socialisation and gender domains
Gender subjected images
Peer pressure
Gendered career opportunities

184
Q

How does gender socialisation affect subject choice?

A

Socialisation leads to different tastes in reading
Eg. boys- hobby books which develops interest in sciences
girls- stories about people= English

185
Q

Who is the theorist for gender socialisation affecting subject choice?

A

Murphy and Elwood

186
Q

What is a gender domain?

A

Territory of each gender
Eg. mending a car is for men
looking after sick children is for women

187
Q

How do gendered subject images impact gender and subject choice?

A

Science teachers are often male but single sex schools hold less stereotypical subject images

188
Q

What does Colley say about gender and subject choice?

A

Computer studies seen as masculine because it involves working with machines

189
Q

What does Leonard say about gender and subject choice?

A

Girls in girls schools were more likely to take maths and science

190
Q

How does peer pressure affect gender and subject choice?

A

They may be negatively labelled or bullied if a boy chooses a feminine subject
Eg. ‘butch or gay’

191
Q

Who is the theorist for peer pressure affecting gender and subject choice?

A

Paetcher

192
Q

What is a criticism of peer pressure affecting subject choice?

A

Lack of control or choice and there has now been a shift in traditional gender domains (postmodernists)

193
Q

How do gendered career opportunities affect subject choice?

A

Employment is gendered and says what jobs are acceptable and vocational courses are more gender specific

194
Q

What is a criticism of gendered career opportunities?

A

Class also plays a great role as WC have WC employment opportunities which a low status and low paid

195
Q

What is identity?

A

Sense of who you are made up of a range of influences

196
Q

What is habitus?

A

Way of life or social class

197
Q

What is symbolic capital?

A

Being wealthy in terms of status

198
Q

What are ‘nike identities’?

A

WC invest in brands to create a WC identity

199
Q

What is symbolic violence?

A

Where the behaviour of habitus or others is devalued as inferior

200
Q

What is social suicide?

A

Where not conforming to style standards leads to negative responses from peers

201
Q

What is self exclusion?

A

Taking yourself out of a situation

202
Q

What is policing identity/shaming?

A

Where there pupils label and exclude people for not conforming to expectations

203
Q

How does symbolic capital affect class identities?

A

Pupils socialised at home into MC tastes gain symbolic capital so are seen to have worth in the education system whereas WC are seen as worthless which keeps the lower class in their place

204
Q

How do nike identities affect class identities?

A

WC invest in styles heavily policed by peer groups and MC see these styles as tasteless and make the WC reject higher education

205
Q

What does Ingram say about class identities?

A

WC identities gave them a sense of belonging through friends and family but there was some pressure to fit in

206
Q

How does self exclusion affect class identities?

A

WC now go to university but experience a clash between the habitus of higher education and can become a barrier to success

207
Q

What does Evans study say about self exclusion?

A

WC girls were reluctant to apply to elite universities as they didn’t fit in

208
Q

How do male peer groups affect gender identity?

A

Verbal abuse from males reinforce masculinity (Willis) and macho lads

209
Q

What is a criticism of male peer groups affecting gender identity?

A

Generational change and the ‘new man’ concept now exists

210
Q

How does Haywood say about teachers and discipline affect gender identity?

A

Male teachers told boys off for acting like girls and teased when received lower marks than female students

211
Q

How does Francis say about teachers and discipline affect gender identity?

A

Girls are expected to be quiet and if they don’t conform to this they will be punished more heavily but when boys are like this it is seen as ‘boys will be boys’

212
Q

What is a criticism of teachers and discipline affecting gender identities?

A

There has been an increase in girls who act in a crude manor
Eg. smoking and drinking

213
Q

How does the male gaze affect gender identities?

A

Seeing women as sexual objects and it is form of surveillance where dominant masculinity is reinforced so boys are not seen as gay

214
Q

What is a criticism of the male gaze?

A

Policies in school tackle sexism and discrimination

215
Q

How do double standards affect gender identities?

A

Boys boast about sexual adventures but girls are seen as ‘slags’ and men are given status by peers

216
Q

What are double standards?

A

When we apply one set of moral standards to one group but a different set to another

217
Q

What is hegemonic masculinity?

A

The dominance of heterosexual masculine identity and the subordination of female identities

218
Q

What is a criticism of double standards affecting gender identities?

A

Feminists see this as a form of patriarchal ideology and a form of social control that reinforces gender inequality

219
Q

How does verbal abuse affect gender identities?

A

Boys dominate classroom discussion and belittle the contribution of girls and calls boys girly or gay for being friendly with girls or male teachers which reinforces heterosexual masculinity

220
Q

What is a criticism of verbal abuse affecting gender identities?

A

Subjects taught in schools such as PSHE promote equality and respect amongst children

221
Q

Who is the theorist for verbal abuse affecting gender identities?

A

Francis

222
Q

Who is the theorist for policing identity affecting gender identities?

A

Archer

223
Q

How does policing identity affect gender identities?

A

Girls are called tramps if they don’t conform to a traditional feminine identity

224
Q

What does Currie et al say about policing identities affecting gender identities?

A

Girls have to balance competing demands being loyal to the female subculture and competing for boys in the dating culture where there is a risk of slut shaming and those who don’t compete are seen as frigid

225
Q

How do successful WC girls affect gender identities?

A

Some WC girls succeed in higher education which make girls motivated to also do that

Sociology Paper 1 - Education (6 decks)

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