Differential Achievement - Class

Question 1

Key trends for achievement - social class

Answer 1

Jeffries
- 11,000 children born in 1958, by the age of seven, experienced poverty = fallen behind

Question 2

Material Deprivation
- Diet and Health

Answer 2

Marilyn Howard
- low intakes of energy, vitamins and minerals

Wilkinson
- face emotional or behavioural problems

Question 3

Material Deprivation
- Finances

Answer 3

Jesson & Gray
- correlation between free school meals and low GCSE grades

Bernstein & Young
- mc mothers buy educational toys

Tanner
- school is costly

Question 4

Material Deprivation
- Fear of Debt

Answer 4

Callender & Jackson
- 2000 questionnaires, wc 5x less likely to apply

Reay
- wc apply to local universities to save finance

Question 5

Cultural Factors
- Parental Interest

Answer 5

Douglas
- wc have lack of parental interest

Question 6

Cultural Factors
- Parents’ education

Answer 6

Feinstein
- less educated parents, harsh and inconsistent with discipline

Question 7

Cultural Factors
- Attitudes and Values

Answer 7

Sugarman
- questionnaires from 540 4th year boys, four values that acted as barriers to success in wc :

• present-time orientation
• immediate gratification
• collectivism
• fatalism

Question 8

Cultural Factors
- Speech codes

Answer 8

Bernstein
- restricted VS elaborated

Question 9

Cultural Factors
- linguistic development

Answer 9

Hubbs-Tait et al
- use language that challenges children

Feinstein
- use this language, praise more = encourages sense of own competence

Question 10

Cultural Factors
- cultural capital

Answer 10

Bourdieu
- mc better cultural capital (knowledge, attitudes, values, language)

Question 11

Class: In school factors
- Labelling and SPFs

Answer 11

Becker
- ideal pupil

Hempel-Jorgensen
- ideal wc pupil = quiet, passsive and obedient
- ideal mc pupil = personality and ability

Rosenthal and Jacobson
- IQ tested 20% of class, labelled ‘spurters’

Question 12

Class: In school factors
- Setting and streaming

Answer 12

Stephen Ball
- band 1 = hardworking
- band 2 = hardest to teach, uncooperative
- band 3 = troublesome

Question 13

Class: In school factors
- subcultures

Answer 13

Lacey
- concepts of differentiation and polarisation

Willis
- 12 wc boys in 1970s

Question 14

Class: In school factors
- Streaming and the A-to-C economy

Answer 14

Gillborn and Youdell
- educational triage