Digestion

Question 1

Intake of fluids or other substances by cells of the skin or mucous membranes; the passage of digested foods from the gastrointestinal tract into blood or lymph.

Answer 1

Absorption

Question 2

A secretion of the liver consisting of water, bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, lecithin, and several ions; it emulsifies lipids prior to their digestion.

Answer 2

Bile

Question 3

A soft, rounded mass, usually food, that is swallowed.

Answer 3

Bolus

Question 4

The secreting cell of a gastric gland that produces pepsinogen, the precursor of the enzyme pepsin, and the enzyme gastric lipase. Cell in the parathyroid glands that secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH).

Answer 4

Chief cells

Question 5

The semifluid mixture of partly digested food and digestive secretions found in the stomach and small intestine during digestion of a meal.

Answer 5

Chyme

Question 6

The portion of the large intestine consisting of ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid portions.

Answer 6

Colon

Question 7

The act of swallowing.

Answer 7

Deglutition

Question 8

The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food to simple molecules that can be absorbed and used by body cells.

Answer 8

Digestion

Question 9

The dispersion of large lipid globules into smaller, uniformly distributed particles in the presence of bile.

Answer 9

Emulsification

Question 10

The part of the nervous system that is embedded in the submucosa and muscularis of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract; governs motility and secretions of the GI tract.

Answer 10

Enteric nervous system

Question 11

A cell of the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract that secretes a hormone that governs function of the GI tract.

Answer 11

Enteroendocrine cells

Question 12

Glands in the mucosa of the stomach composed of cells that empty their secretions into narrow channels called gastric pits.

Answer 12

Gastric glands

Question 13

A continuous tube running through the ventral body cavity extending from the mouth to the anus. Also called the alimentary (al?-i-MEN-tar-ē) canal.

Answer 13

Gastrointestinal tract

Question 14

A liver cell.

Answer 14

Hepatocytes

Question 15

A gland that opens onto the surface of the intestinal mucosa and secretes digestive enzymes. Also called a crypt of Lieberkühn (LĒ-ber-kūn).

Answer 15

Intestinal glands

Question 16

One of many lymphatic vessels in villi of the intestines that absorb triglycerides and other lipids from digested food.

Answer 16

Lacteal

Question 17

Chewing.

Answer 17

Mastication

Question 18

Microscopic, fingerlike projections of the plasma membranes of cells that increase surface area for absorption, especially in the small intestine and proximal convoluted tubules of the kidneys.

Answer 18

Microvilli

Question 19

A muscular layer (coat or tunic) of an organ.

Answer 19

Muscularis

Question 20

A network of autonomic axons and postganglionic cell bodies located in the muscularis of the gastrointestinal tract.

Answer 20

Myenteric plexus

Question 21

A type of secretory cell in gastric glands that produces hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor.

Answer 21

Parietal Cells

Question 22

One of the paired salivary glands located inferior and anterior to the ears and connected to the oral cavity via a duct (Stensen’s) that opens into the inside of the cheek opposite the maxillary (upper) second molar tooth.

Answer 22

Parotid glands

Question 23

Protein-digesting enzyme secreted by chief cells of the stomach in the inactive form pepsinogen, which is converted to active pepsin by hydrochloric acid.

Answer 23

Pepsin

Question 24

Successive muscular contractions along the wall of a hollow muscular structure.

Answer 24

Peristalsis

Question 25

The largest serous membrane of the body that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the viscera within it.

Answer 25

Peritoneum

Question 26

An enzyme in saliva that initiates the chemical breakdown of starch.

Answer 26

Salivary amalase

Question 27

One of a pair of salivary glands situated in the floor of the mouth deep to the mucous membrane and to the side of the lingual frenulum, with a duct (Rivinus') that opens into the floor of the mouth.

Answer 27

Sublingual glands

Question 28

One of a pair of salivary glands found inferior to the base of the tongue deep to the mucous membrane in the posterior part of the floor of the mouth, posterior to the sublingual glands, with a duct (Wharton's) situated to the side of the lingual frenulum.

Answer 28

Submandibular glands

Question 29

A layer of connective tissue located deep to a mucous membrane, as in the gastrointestinal tract or the urinary bladder; the submucosa connects the mucosa to the muscularis layer.

Answer 29

Submucosa

Question 30

A network of autonomic nerve fibers located in the superficial part of the submucous layer of the small intestine.

Answer 30

Submucosal plexus

Question 31

A projection of the intestinal mucosal cells containing connective tissue, blood vessels, and a lymphatic vessel; functions in the absorption of the end products of digestion.

Answer 31

Villi