Digestion Flashcards
0
Q
What does the cardiac gland region of the stomach secrete?
A
Mucus
1
Q
What are the four regions of the stomach?
A
- cuticular region
- cardiac gland region
- fundic gland region
- pyloric gland region
2
Q
What does the fundic gland region of the stomach secrete?
A
- HCl
- digestive enzymes (pepsin)
- mucus
3
Q
What does the pyloric region of the stomach secrete?
A
Mucus
4
Q
What does the cuticular region of the stomach secrete?
A
Nothing (non glandular)
5
Q
What is the opening of the stomach?
A
Cardia
6
Q
What is the outlet of the stomach?
A
Pyloris
7
Q
Chief cells secrete
A
Enzymes (pepsin)
8
Q
Mucous neck cells secrete
A
Mucus
9
Q
Parietal cells secrete
A
HCl
Intrinsic factor
10
Q
Enterokinase is secreted from
A
Crypts of Lieberkühn
11
Q
Regulates the removal of waste
A
Anus
12
Q
Cats require what extra amino acid
A
Taurine
13
Q
What breed of dog requires taurine
A
Dalmatians
14
Q
These two amino acids are required while young, but not so much as an adult
A
Histidine and Arginine
15
Q
What are the ten essential amino acids
A
- Phenylalanine
- Valine
- Threonine
- Tryptophan
- Isoleucine
- Methionine
- Histidine
- Arginine
- Lysine
- Leucine
16
Q
Glucose + glucose
A
Maltose
17
Q
Glucose + galactose
A
Lactose
18
Q
Glucose + fructose
A
Sucrose
19
Q
Milk sugar
A
Lactose
Glucose + galactose
20
Q
Table sugar
A
Sucrose
Glucose + fructose
21
Q
Primary simple sugar
A
Glucose
22
Q
Pepsinogen + HCl =
A
Pepsin
23
Q
What activates pepsin
A
HCl
24
First limiting amino acid
Lysine
25
Amylase
Hydrolyzes a-1,4 glucosidic bonds, forms maltose, cannot hydrolyze a-1,6 glucosidic bond. Primary end products = maltose and limit dextrin
26
Young animals absorb ________proteins.
| 2 ex:
Intact
1. Colostrum
2. Immunoglobulins
27
Pepsin is secreted from
Chief cells of the fundic gland region of the stomach
28
GLUT 5 is a ________ transporter
Fructose
29
GLUT ___ is high priority. It gets glucose before anything else.
GLUT 1
30
Contractile proteins have ______&________ in muscle
Actin & myosin
31
Of the human glucose transporters, _________ is regulated
GLUT 4
32
Primary dry matter constituent of body organs
Protein
33
Lysine has ____- amino group
E- amino group
34
Proteins are _________ to amino acids
Hydrolyzed
35
Produces bile continuously
Liver
36
An important secretion needed for lipid digestion, emulsified fats, from an accessory digestive organ
Bile
37
Glucose
Free in blood, required by nervous system and RBCs, key sugar in CHO metabolism
38
Two examples of starch
Amylose
| Amylopectin
39
Amylose has ______________bonds
a-1,4 glucosidic bonds
40
Straight, unbranched chain on glucose units
| a-1,4 glucosidic bonds
Amylose
41
Amylopectin has _______________bonds
a-1,6 glucosidic bonds
42
Branched chains of glucose units every 24-30 units.
| a-1,6 glucosidic units
Amylopectin
43
Amino peptidases, dipeptidases, tripeptidases, are secreted from
Brush border of villi epithelial cells
44
Similar to starch, branch points every 8-12 units
| In liver an muscle
Glycogen
45
Casein + rennin + Ca
Ca- paracaseinate
| Coagulated
46
Major component of plant cell walls, straight unbranched chain of glucose unit
B- 1,4 glucosidic bonds
Cellulose
47
Cellulose has ______________bonds
B- 1,4 glucosidic bonds
48
The body preserves muscle _______ in case you need it in an emergency
Glycogen
49
3 major classes of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides
50
Mammals don't have the digestive enzymes to digest
Cellulose
51
All human glucose transporters are constitutive except
GLUT 4
52
Peptidases start digesting proteins from the
N terminal end of peptides
53
Amino acids are linked together with
Peptide bonds
54
These release a mixture of water, mucin, ad enzymes
Salivary glands
55
Dailey intake requirements of protein only reflect the ____ _____ of amino acids
Net needs
56
Major site of expression: erythrocytes (humans), blood-brain barrier, placenta, fetal tissues on general
GLUT 1
57
Work and exercise ______ increase protein requirements
Do not
58
Test to make sure lysine is available
Carpenters available lysine test
59
Growth depression caused by excess amounts of naturally occurring amino acids that can be corrected by addition of STRUCTURALLY SIMILAR amino acids
Antagonism
60
Work and exercise increases _______ rate
Turnover rate ( of muscle)
61
% of absorbed N that is retained or utilized by the animal
| Widely used method of expressing protein quality
Biological value (BV)
62
Tertiary protein structure is made stable by two types of bonds
1. H-bonds
| 2. Disulfide bonds
63
Major sites of expression: endoplasmic recticulum of hepatocytes
Important in gluconeogenesis
GLUT 7
64
" disease the first child gets when the new child comes"
Edema
Fatty liver
From Ghana
Kwashiorkor
65
Major sites of expression : brown and white adipocytes, heart and skeletal muscle
GLUT 4
66
Major sites of expression for : liver, pancreatic B-cell, kidneys , small intestine (serosal surface )
GLUT 2
67
Amino acid absorption happens where
Jejunum of small intestine
68
Seldom found free in nature, important in structure of brain and nervous tissue
Galactose
69
3 examples of Hexoses
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
70
P.E.M. =
Protein energy malnutrition
71
SGLT=
Sodium dependent glucose transporter 1
72
This is secreted by the pancreas into the duodenum for carbohydrate digestion
Pancreatic Amylase
73
Skin and bones appearance
Marasmus
74
Muscle contractions mix food with acid and enzymes, causing the chemical and physical breakdown of food into chyme
Stomach
75
Methionine --> _____
_______ --/--> methionine
Cysteine
76
Receives and prepares undigested food to be eliminated from the body and feces
Large intestine
77
This hormone increases blood glucose concentration
Glucagon
78
This hormone decreases blood glucose concentration
Insulin
79
2 endopeptidases
Trypsin
| Chymotrypsin
80
Releases pancreatic juice that neutralizes acid chyme and contains enzymes needed for CHO, protein and lipid digestion
Pancreas
81
The gall bladder dumps bike into the
Duodenum of the SI
82
Bile salts ___________ fats to give them a larger surface area
Emulsify
83
Proenzymes or inactive enzymes, which must be chemically altered to function as an enzyme
Zymogens
84
Pepsin is secreted by
Chief cells
85
3 proteolytic enzymes
Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidase
86
Usual order of rate limiting amino acid in grains
1. Lysine
2. Threonine
3. Tryptophan
4. Methionine
5. Isoleucine
87
Intrinsic factor is secreted by
Parietal cells
88
Major site of enzymatic digestion and nutrient absorption
Small intestine
89
Blood that serves the entire system
Systemic blood
90
Cysteine has a _______ ________ on the methionine requirement
Sparing effect
91
5 primary digestive enzymes in the brush border
```
Maltase
Isomaltase
Sucrase
Lactase
a-dextrinase
```
92
Bile salts are _____ soluble
Water
93
Bile is formed from
Cholesterol
94
Protein quality refers to the
Balance of amino acids to meet the needs of the animal
95
Stores and releases bile
Gall bladder
96
Starch is the major carbohydrate in
Grains
97
The major carbohydrate in grain is
Starch
98
2 examples of pentoses
Xylose
| Ribose
99
Where is elastin found
Circulatory system
100
_____can basically be absorbed along the whole digestive tract
VFA
| Volatile fatty acids
101
Animal can perform no better that that allowed by the _____ amount relative to the requirement
Lowest
102
CHO class with 2-10 monosaccharides
Oligosaccharides
103
Important monosaccharides, small amount in plants, undulant on polymers
Not digested very well
Pentoses
104
Major site of expression: brain (neurons)
GLUT 3
105
Origin of gastrin
Pyloric region of stomach or abomasum
106
Trypsin is secreted as
Trypsinogen
107
Membrane transport created by channel proteins
Diffusion through channels
108
Pancreatic secretions contain bicarbonate to neutralize
Stomach acid
109
Releasing mechanism for gastrin
Food in stomach
| - caffeine, protein, spices
110
Glucose concentration in the cell is ______ than the SI
Greater
111
Which type of monosaccharide is mostly found in metabolic pathways (glycolysis)
Not often free in nature
Trioses
112
The enzyme that hydrolyzes fats and fatty acids and monoglycerides
Major enzyme in fat digestion
Pancreatic lipase
113
Origin of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)
Duodenum, jejunum
114
Which hormone has the function of insulin release, inhibit gastric secretion, and mobility
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)
115
Bile consists of
```
Bile salts
Bilirubin
Lecithin
Fatty acids
Cholesterol
```
116
Brunner's glands neutralize
Acid chyme
117
Bile salts and acids, vitamin C, B12, D, K, and magnesium are absorbed where
Ileum of SI
118
Lipids, monosaccharides , amino acids, small peptides are absorbed where
Jejunum
119
These aid in fat emulsification
Brunner's glands
120
Enterokinase activates
Trypsin
121
Why does lysine have the highest dietary amino acid requirement
Highest concentration in muscle
| GLU glutamine is actually greatest but it can be synthesized
122
Where is keratin protein found
Hair, nails, wool, feathers
123
Proteolytic enzymes are secreted from the
Pancreas
124
Part of cell walls of plants , very poorly digested. Xylose units (5C)
B- 1,4 glucosidic bonds
Hemicellulose
125
Hemicellulose has _____________ bonds
B -1,4 glucosidic
126
Gastric protease
Pretoria digestion in the stomach
127
3 metabolically important oligosaccharides
Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose
128
Glucose in SI --> insulin release and inhibit gastric secretion and mobility
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)
129
___________ _____________ hydrolyzes starch to maltose
Pancreatic amylase
130
Primary enzyme for starch digestion
Pancreatic amylase
131
Pancreatic amylase is the major enzyme for
Starch digestion
132
"____________" at physiological pH
Zwitterion
133
Origin of hormone secretin
Duodenum and jejunum
134
Two bile salts
Cholic acid
| Chenodeoxycholic acid
135
Cholic acid
| Chenodeoxycholic acid
Bile salts
136
These produce hormones
| - released into blood to maintain blood glucose levels
Islets of langerhans
137
Bile is (acidic/basic)
Basic
138
Both polar and non polar regions, part hydrophobic, part hydrophilic
Amphipathic
139
What are the needs met by blood glucose
Liver glycogen
Muscle glycogen
Tissue oxidation
Fat formation
140
Carrier proteins act as _____ that use energy to love ions and molecules
Pumps
141
Product of hemoglobin breakdown
Bilirubin
142
Primary bile pigment
Yellow
143
Within _______min after absorption, amino acids move from gut to where they are used for _______ _________.
5-10
| Protein synthesis
144
Where is collagen found
Bones, teeth, cartilage, skin, tendons
145
Origin of cholecystokinin
Duodenum, jejunum
146
> _____ amino acids occur in nature
200
147
If amino acids aren't needed for protein synthesis, then they are
Deaminated
148
Portal blood is also called
Portal drained Viscera
149
Emulsifies fats
Neutralizes acid
Excretes cholesterol, fat soluble vitamins, drugs, toxins
Bile
150
Functional categories of proteins
```
Structural
Hormonal
Enzymes
Immune system
Transport within the body
```
151
Glucose concentration in the blood is ______ than the cell
Less
152
Once deaminated, amino acids are used for _____ or converted to _____
Energy
| Fats
153
All the blood flow from the intestines goes through the
Liver
154
Only ________ amino acids commonly found in most proteins
20-22
155
Which mechanism of absorption require transport proteins
Facilitated transport
| Active transport
156
4 metabolically important polysaccharides
Starch
Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Glycogen
157
Trypsinogen ----?--->trypsin
Enterokinase
158
Diet protein + pepsin ---->
Long chain polypeptides
159
Protein structure with grouping of several tertiary units
Quaternary
160
Component of ATP, ADP, RNA, DNA
Ribose
161
Denature
Breaking apart a protein
162
Rennin is located
Abomasum of a nursing calf
163
Monosaccharides with 6 carbons
Hexoses
164
Prorennin --?--> rennin
HCl
165
Glucose is located in ______ within the body
Blood
166
Glycogen is stored in the _______ and _________ within the body
Liver
| Muscle
167
Major supplier of energy
Carbohydrates
168
Major carbohydrate in grain
Starch
169
Major carbohydrate in forages
Cellulose
170
Carbohydrates make up _______% of the body
<1%
171
CHO class with 1 sugar molecule
Monosaccharides
172
Monosaccharide with Three carbons
Trioses
173
The only glucose transporter insulin is required for
GLUT 4
174
Pepsinogen ---?--> pepsin
HCl
175
Protein requirements as a % of diets ( decreases / increases) over time
Decreases
176
Monosaccharides with 5 carbons
Pentoses
177
Usually associated with poorly digested material ( corn cobs, oat hulls)
Xylose
178
Protein required in grams / day ( increases/ decreases) over time
Increases
179
Protein pellets stimulate
Rumen micro organisms
180
All proteins are made up of simple units called
Amino acids
181
In seminal fluid
| Found in fruits and honey
Fructose
182
Crypts of Lieberkühn secrete
Enterokinase
183
Proteins always contain ___- a amino acids
L
184
Trypsin, once formed, is
Autocatalytic
185
Almost all enzymes are
Proteins
186
Ion with acidic pH
Cation
187
Antibodies are
Proteins
188
Protein structure with
Folding of polypeptide chains
Stabilized by disulfide bonds, H - bonds
Tertiary
189
3 proteolytic enzymes
Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidase
190
Chymotrypsinogen--?-->chymotrypsin
Trypsin
191
Procarboxypeptidase--?-->carboxypeptidase
Trypsin
192
There is no storage pool of _______ in the body
Amino acids
193
Ion with basic pH
Anion
194
Protein structure with peptide bonds
Primary
195
Essential amino acids called
Indispensable
196
Amino acids that cannot to synthesized by the body
Essential amino acids
197
Protein structure with a-helix stabilized by H-bond b/t (CO) and (NH)
Secondary
198
Chicks require
Proline and glycine
199
NRC based off of _____ and ____ diets
Corn and SBM
200
Indispensable amino acid present in the least amount relative to the requirement
First limiting amino acid
201
Indispensable amino acid present in the second least amount relative to the requirement
Second limiting amino acid
202
Protein whose amino acid balance more nearly approximates the needs of the animal
High quality
203
Measure of protein quality
Biological value
204
High quality proteins are generally of _______ origin
Except: ________ (no _______)
Animal
Gelatin
Tryptophan
205
Found in greatest amount of any nutrient, except water, in all living organisms
Protein
206
Main source of energy for animals
Carbohydrates
207
About ____% of bike salts are reabsorbed (ileum) and recycled back to gall bladder
94
208
Low or lacking in one or more indispensable amino acids
Low quality
209
CHO class with 100-1000+ monosaccharides
Polysaccharides
210
Beta cells produce
Insulin
211
Alpha cells produce
Glucagon
212
Does any absorption happen in the mouth
No
213
Does any absorption happen in the esophagus
No
214
T/F: the large intestine has no digestive secretions
True
215
Autocatalytic means what
Trypsin can activate trypsinogen
216
Keeps droplets of fat together
Lecithin
217
Droplets are called
Micelles
218
This animal doesn't have a gall bladder
Horse
219
Liver makes this continuously
Bile
220
Why are the two types of tissues in the pancreas
Acinar
| Islets of langerhans
221
Carboxypeptidase is a
Exopeptidase
222
Perfect amino acid balance would equal
~7-8%CP
223
What absorption happens in a simple stomach
```
Essentially none
( water, alcohol, some minerals )
```
224
Produce pancreatic secretions, the bulk of the pancreas
Acinar
225
Bile is stored and concentrated in the
Gall bladder
226
The 3 types of mechanisms of absorption
Passive transport
Facilitated transport
Active transport
227
Bike empties into the small intestine when digesta (ESP fat) enters from
The stomach
228
What absorption happens in the large intestine
Water, some minerals
229
Most molecules ________ cross membrane by simple diffusion
Cannot
230
This system emptied into the blood stream through thoracic duct ( by passes liver)
Lymphatic system
231
Membrane transport through lipid bilayer
Simple diffusion
232
Membrane transport that involves a specific carrier protein
Facilitated diffusion
233
Membrane transport that involves a specific carrier protein plus energy
Active transport
234
Diffusion of water across a membrane
Osmosis
235
Water, alcohol, copper, iodine, fluoride, molybdenum are absorbed where
Stomach
236
Carrier proteins _______ _______ when molecules attach to them
Change shape
237
Molecules move up a concentration gradient
Active transport
238
After glucose goes into blood, what three things can happen
1. Energy production
2. Muscle glycogen
3. Fat synthesis
239
What triggers pancreatic secretions
Fat and protein "products " in the small intestine
240
Amino acids move to cells that secrete
Enzymes and hormones
241
What absorption happens in a ruminant stomach
Absorption of VFA, NH3, gases and some AA
242
Releasing mechanism for cholecystokinin
Fat, fatty acids, polypeptides in duodenum
243
Releasing mechanism for secretin
Acid chyme
| Large polypeptides
244
Function of secretin
Secretion of pancreatic juice, reduce gastric motility
245
Decrease in pH in duedenum--> secrete pancreatic secretions (bicarbonate)
Secretin
246
Fat and amino acids in duodenum --> bile and pancreatic enzymes
Cholecystokinin
247
What hormone has the function of stimulating flow of stomach acid and enzymes
Gastrin
248
Water, vitamin K, biotin, sodium, chloride, potassium a short changing fatty acids are absorbed
Large intestine
249
Releasing mechanism for gastric inhibitory polypeptide
Glucose in duodenum
| Fats, fatty acids, bile in duodenum
250
Major sites of expression: small intestine ( mucosal surface)
GLUT 5
251
What triggers HCl secretion
Stomach distention
252
Function of cholecystokinin
Bile flow, synthesis if pancreatic juice and enzymes
253
What happens after you eat
Dietary glucose enters blood
Some glucose use by liver to replenish liver glycogen supply.
Other glucose goes to muscle and other extra hepatic tissues :blood
254
Five digestive enzymes from the pancreas
1. Proteolytic enzymes
2. Pancreatic amylase
3. Pancreatic lipase
4. Cholesterol esterase
5. Phospholipase
255
Three types of fibrous proteins
Collagen
Elastin
Keratin
256
Presence of food in stomach --> HCl and pepsin
Gastrin
257
Fermentation is _______________the small intestine in horses and rabbits
Behind / after
258
The pH in the mouth
Neutral
259
Account for 75% of dry weight of plants
Carbohydrates
260
First part of large intestine
Cecum
261
The cecum is very large in what animal
What is digested there
Horses
Forages
262
Alimentary organs
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and Anis
263
____activates pepsinogen and pro rennin
Denatures dietary proteins
Stomach antiseptic
Stops action of salivary amylase
HCl
264
HCl
_activates pepsinogen and pro rennin
Denatures dietary proteins
Stomach antiseptic
Stops action of salivary amylase
265
Pepsin works at what pH
Acidic
266
Gastric glands are sometimes referred to as
Oxyntic glands
267
Rennin is located
Abomasum of nursing calf
268
The microbiology can also be called
The brush border
269
The gastric glands are located in the
Stomach
270
The ______ and ______ connect to the digestive Tract and are essential
Liver and pancreas
271
The pair of salivary glands below the ear
Parotid glands
272
The pair of salivary glands at the base of the mandible
Submaxillary glands
273
Salivary amylase is produced by
Parotid glands
274
Salivary amylase is a _________ digesting enzyme
Starch
275
Three parts to small intestine
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
276
The pancreas dumps enzymes into the
Duodenum
277
The inner lining of the intestinal tract, next to the lumen
Mucosa
278
The connective tissue next to the mucosa
Submucosa
279
Which muscle layer causes peristaltic movements, or "squeeze"
Circular
280
Which muscle layer aids peristaltic movement
Longitudinal
281
The connective tissue that contains blood vessels, lacteals ( lymph) and nerves
Submucosa
282
Cecum of ______ and _____ is enlarged
Horse and rabbit
283
Microbial fermentation permits the utilization of
Forages
284
The pH of the stomach is
Acidic
285
Salivary amylase is secreted by what two species
Man and pig
286
Paste formed by food produced/ processed by the stomach
Chyme
287
The layer of the wall of the intestinal tract that has two muscle layers and also contains nerves
Muscularis
288
The region of the stomach next to the duodenum
Pyloric region
289
Water removal and the formation of feces
Large intestine
290
The area between the villi at the base
Crypts of Lieberkühn
291
Only significant secretion in the large intestine
Mucus
292
Rennin does what to casein
Coagulates
293
In ruminants, fermentation is ___________ of the small intestine
In front
294
The opening of the stomach
Cardia
295
Outlet of the stomach
Pyloris
296
Starch + salivary amylase
Maltose and dextrin
297
Salivary amylase is deactivated by this in the stomach
HCl
298
Parietal cells produce
HCl and intrinsic factor
299
Intrinsic factor is necessary for what vitamin absorption
B12
300
Accessory organs
```
Tongue
Teeth
Salivary glands
Liver
Pancreas
Gastric glands
Intestinal glands
```
301
Smooth outer layer of intestinal tract
Serosa
302
Straight chain starch
Amylose
303
Highly branched starch
Amylopectin
304
Most digestion and absorption occurs
Jejunum
305
3 pair of salivary glands
Parotid glands
Sub maxillary glands
Sublingual glands
306
Three parts of the large intestine
Cecum, colon, rectum
307
In the first few cm of duodenum, in the mucosa/ sub mucosa ,
Brunners glands
308
Protease is the enzyme that breaks down i
Protein
309
What is the digestive enzyme present in calves
Pregastric esterase
310
Pregastric lipase
In ruminants
Excreted from beneath the tongue
Aids in milk fat digestion
311
What are the three gastric cells
Mucous neck cells
Parietal cells
Chief cells
312
Saliva is ___% water
99
313
Thick slimy portion of saliva
Mucin
314
Absorption of vitamin B12 occurs where
Ileum
315
What do brunner's glands secrete
Viscous alkaline mucus
| Basic
316
Function of Brunner's glands
Secretions neutralize acid chyme
| Aids in fat emulsification
317
Amylase is secreted from
Crypts of Lieberkühn
318
Crypts of Lieberkühn secrete
Enterokinase
Amylase
Mucus
319
These spilt small peptides into amino acids
Peptidases
320
Intracellular enzymes are located
On surface or inside epithelial cells (on micro villi) (brush border)
321
Pancreatic secretions
Clear fluid, mostly water
Contains digestive enzymes
(Major enzymes in digestion)
Contains bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid
322
Amino peptidases are from the
Brush border
323
Exopeptidases act on
```
Carboxyl group (end)
Releases free amino acids
```
324
Hydrolyzes fats to fatty acids and monoglycerides
| Major enzyme in fat digestion
Pancreatic lipase
325
Transport of glucose into the villus epithelial cell is by what kind of transport
Active transport
326
Transport across the basolateral surface of the cell (into the blood) is by why kind of transport
Facilitated diffusion
327
The digestive process converts all of the dietary CHOs to their constituent monosaccharides by ___________ ________ _______ b/t the sugars
Hydrolyzing glucosidic bonds
